The present study aims at investigating the process of compensatory lengthening in Kermanshahi Persian. According to the moraic theory, if a unit in the base layer or temporal manner has Mora, and that unit is removed in the phonological layer, its mora remains free in the layers of the mora or temporal, and thus compensatory lengthening takes place to maintain syllable or word weight. This paper is devoted to investigating two types of compensatory lengthening: one resulting from the deletion of a moraic consonant and the other being triggered through vowel deletion. The compensatory lengthening caused by the second case leads to gemination. However, the compensatory lengthening does not occur only in the vowel, but by removing the vowel, the adjoining consonant suffers compensatory lengthening.

Nowadays, occurrence of mass movement in the northern forests of Iran, especially in the Golestan province is turning to be a usual phenomenon. Because of decay of vegetation cover, prediction of landslide occurrence will prevent its damages. Landslide hazard zonation is a suitable way in this case. Selection of the best model is a way to decrease costs and time. Consequently, land slide hazard zonation with best models will cause getting better results. In this study, capability of two experimental models including Mora-Varson and Haeri-Sameai methods, a statistic model together with relative effect model have been tested for land slide hazard zonation in the Seyed Kalateh watershed at Ramian, Golestan province, using Sum of Quality for evaluation of efficiency of landslide hazard zonation methods. Results showed that relative effect method could better separate the hazard zones compared to other used methods. Comparing the experimental methods, Haery method is more effective than the Mora method.

The process of compensatory lengthening characteristic of the of Kurdish dialect of Sorany is what this paper sets out to study. Within the framework of Moraic Theory, this process is assumed to be triggered by the deletion of a given moraic segment on the phoneme layer, with its mora remaining free on the mora level. This paper is devoted to investigating two types of compensatory lengthening: one resulting from the deletion of a moraic consonant and the other being triggered through vowel deletion. As far as the dialect under discussion is concerned, four consonants can be recognized: / /،/ h /،/  /and/ x. what the results of this paper show is that, preserving the word weight, and not the syllable weight as claimed by Hayes (1989), is the main offshoot of compensatory lengthening.

Identifying areas with different potential to landslide occurrence is one of the primitive actions in natural resources management. In view of importance of recognizing appropriate method to estimate landslide, in this research, the efficiency of two methods of landslide hazard zonation including methods of Mora and Varson and Multivariate regression were compared. In this research, first, layer of landslide was created in Arc GIS using aerial photographs with scales of 1:20000 and 1:50000, field monitoring and GPS. To zone landslide hazard in research area using methods of Mora and Varson and Multivariate regression, efficient layers for each method were created. After creating and weighting each layer, research area zonation to be done. Assessment of results of different models using quality sum index (Qs) and correlation coefficient shows that Multivariate regression is the best model in zonation of research area from the view point of the landslide hazard. According to the Multivariate regression, research area was separated to six classes of landslide hazard. Therefore we can manage the basins and fighting with landslide hazard by less cost and time By selecting the best method.

Institutions, organizations and agencies with every mission, goals and vision act finally on a national or international territory, and they are needed to be responsible for customers and stakeholders therefore companies that are seeking for profitability and customer satisfaction and companies that are seeking for Complete and accurate implementation of the legal obligations and contribute to the excellence of its research and development goals for the country can be responsible. Therefore investigating of Performance results is a process considered to be strategically important. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of financial intermediation companies (leasing) that are listed in the Stock Exchange. AHP and MORA method is used for ranking. For this purpose, criteria weights are calculated using AHP method. These leasing companies were evaluated and ranked using financial ratios and MORA of the firms.

The present study focuses on compensatory lengthening of vowel in Ilami Kurdish variants on the basis of Moraic Theory. In Moraic Theory, one segment is removed from phonological layer but its mora remains in moraic layer. In the above-mentioned variants compensatory lengthening occurs following deleting consonants like /?/, /j/ and /h/ and a vowel is lengthened following their deletion. In current study, the researcher, being a native speaker of Ilami Kurdish variant (Feily) and familiar with other Ilami Kurdish variants, collected data from 20 informants by interviewing with them. A descriptive-analytic approach was adopted in the study. Some of the most remarkable results of this research study are as follows: (1) The main motivation behind compensatory lengthening is maintaining moraic weight of word which was demonstrated through non-linear analysis; thus, Moraic Theory can efficiently describe the compensatory lengthening in Ilami Kurdish variants; (2) Only three consonants, namely /h/, /j/ and /x/, have syllable weight, whose deletion leads to compensatory lengthening of vowel; (3) The maximum mora in Ilami Kurdish variants is three; (4) In Ilami Kurdish varients, the nature of the long vowels are changed as a result of deletion of moraic consonants following them.

Kurdish, a northwestern Iranian language (Dabir Moghaddam, 2012, p. 598), holds a unique position among Iranian languages. Some scholars (McCarus 2009, p. 587) argue that Kurdish does not belong to a single, uniform group within Iranian languages, while they agree that this language occupies an intermediate position between the western, northern, and southern Iranian dialects. As such, the term “Kurdish” can be seen as a cover term for closely related language varieties in the western group of Iranian languages. Three main dialects of Kurdish are Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji), Central Kurdish (Sorani), and Southern Kurdish (Kalhori) (Blau, 1989, pp. 542-544 and McCarus, 2009, p. 587; Dabir Moghaddam, 2012, p. 601).The present study investigates whether compensatory lengthening exists in the Kurdish language. If compensatory lengthening does occure, the deletion of a mora-bearing consonant in the coda position would result in a stray mora. This stray mora would then reconnect to its preceding vowel in languages where the coda consonant triggers Compensatory Lengthening (CL) and the vowel is the target. In Kurdish, there are tautosyllabic clusters with CL, such as /ʃahɾ/: [ʃɑɾ] ‘city’ and /taʕm/: [tɑm] ‘taste’, as well as heterosyllabic clusters with CL, like /lah.ʤa/:[lɑ.ʤa] ‘accent’ and /maʕ.nɑ/: [mɑ.nɑ] ‘meaning’. The primary focus of this study is to determine whether these two consonants are moraic in Kurdish and to identify the threshold for moraicity in this language. It is also important to note that these words are not native, so they can be seen as a nativization process adapted by native speakers of Kurdish.CL has been extensively studied in many languages, including Persian and Kurdish. In Persian, this process has been examined from various perspectives; Darzi (1993) and Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya (2000) conducted general investigations; Bijankhan (2000) and Sadeghi (2007; 2019) adopted a perceptual viewpoint, while Shademan (2005) approached it phonetically, and Safaie-Qalati (2013) used a cognitive approach. Among these works, only Mahdavi et al. (2019) investigated this process within the framework of Stratal OT (STOT).In terms of Moraic theory, compensatory lengthening was studied by Alinezhad & Zahedi (2009) in Sorani Kurdish, Badakhshan & Zamani (2015) in Kalhori Kurdish, Sobati (2018) in Ilami Kurdish and Ahmadi Varmazani & Fattahi (2019) in Kermanshahi Farsi.

Identification of susceptible areas to landslide occurrence is one of the basic measures in reduction of possible risk and hazard management. The main goals of this paper are investigation on designed forest road network according to landslide hazard zonation and comparing applicability of two experimental landslide hazard zonation models (Haeri-Samiei and Mora-Varson) at the Shastkalate forests, Gorgan. By field work, the occurred land slides at the study area were gathered and recorded by GPS device. The elements for each model were generated and prepared in GIS. The landslide zonation for study area was done using mentioned models and their required factors. The efficiency of outputs of models was assessed by DR and QS indices. The results showed that at the study area the Haeri-Samiei model with QS= 1.251 had relative desirability compared to Mora-Varson model (QS= 0.586). In order to investigate on designed road network, the road network map was prepared. Based on results, using Haeri-Samiei model, situation of roads and rate of being at hazards were determined. Results showed that there are many of roads in high risk zones which should be designed again by forest managers.

This paper addresses the pronunciation of the Quranic words in the location of pause, or vaqf. Data descriptive generalization shows that the indefinite morpheme and short high vowels /u/ and /i/, respectively for nominative and genitive cases, delete in the pause location. This results in forming a heavy or ultra-heavy syllable in the pause location via adhesion of mora of omitted syllable onset to the final syllable. For pronunciation of the indefinite masculine words in accusative case, deletion of the indefinite morpheme is compensated by lengthening the low vowel /a/ through spreading the floating mora to the low vowel slot. The reason behind resistance of the low vowel to delete could be its high degree of sonority. For pronunciation of the feminine words, indefinite and case morphemes delete, and then /t/ converts into [h] through omission of the supra-laryngeal features and staying laryngeal node. The main aim of this paper is to formalize the phonological pattern of the Quranic words in the location of Vaqf. Research methodology is of descriptive and explanatory type. Accordingly the Quranic phonological rules prohibits to license presence of the light syllable in the pause location, while to license heavy and ultra-heavy syllables via deletion and compensatory lengthening processes in the pause location.

 

This paper examines weight patterns in tri-syllabic words within a Moraic-theoretic account. A word weight pattern is weight of syllables and is defined based on distinction between heavy and light syllables (Carr, 2008:172); Here, the notion of mora (symbolized μ) as a basic timing unit provides a distinction between 'light' and 'heavy' syllables. Hayes (1989:356) mentions that heavy syllables have more moras compared to light ones. Also, there are some weight alternations in the syllabic patterns of Persian tri-syllabic words; that is, in an alternative weight pattern, syllables are distributed so that weight is alternately high and low. In order to study and compare weight patterns of simple, derivative and compound words, about 32 thousand tri-syllabic words were collected from Dehkhoda (2003) and Moshiri (2009) dictionaries. Then, they were sorted in an Excel worksheet with all phonological information, including weight of syllables (light, heavy, super-heavy, and ultra-heavy). Also, alternative and non-alternative weight patterns were specified. Results indicate that there happen 49 weight patterns in tri-syllabic words and syllables of one mora (mono-moraic), two moras (bi-moraic), three moras (tri-moraic), and even four moras (tetra-moraic) are probable. However, the sequence of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables is the most frequent and tri-moraic and tetra-moraic syllables, especially adjacent ones, are less frequent. This indicates that tri-syllabic words tend towards short syllables. Moreover, the non-alternative quasi-monotonic weight patterns are the most frequent ones. Likewise, simple words ideally tend to sequences of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables and tetra-moraic ones are loanwords; the derivatives are heavier than the simple and lighter than the compounds.