Neuroglial cells act as supportive tissue in neural system. There are extensive evidences that show axonal processes of the nervous system (peripheral and/or central) may be degenerated after nerve injuries. The neuroglial response likely is originated by axotomized neuron and its absence may be an innate defect in the reaction of intrinsic neurons to axonic severance. In this research, the effects of Curcuma longa alcohlic exteract on neuroglia cell degeneration after sciatic nerve compression in diabetic rats was investigated.In this experimental laboratorial research, 30 male Wistar rats dividedin 5 groups (control, compression, diabetes compression, diabetes ompression+injection alcholic extract of curcuma longa with does 25 mg/kg and diabetes compression+injection of alcholic extract of curcuma longa with does 50 mg/kg) extraction perform with Soxhlet apparatus. For inducing diabetes, animal were injected a single dose STZ 55mg/kg intraperitonealy. After one month control of diabetes, some samples with blood sugar over the 200 mg/dl selected as experimental subject and then to make compression, the animal was swooned by 6mg/kg rampon and 60 mg/kg, ketamin and then sciaticnerve compressed by second lock of lock scissors was forced for 30S. In extract care groups, extract of the plant was injected by internal peritoneum method in 3 turns during 28 days, then by performing the perfusion method and after fixation and during processes of passage of tissue, the serial sections 7 micron were colored with toluidin blue and eritrozin and it was calculated by method of dissector of spinal neuroglia and then was analysed by statistical tests ANOVA and also by t-test of different group information.The data analysis shows a meaningful decrease in number of neuroglia cells anterior horn from compression group in compare with control group and also indicates the meaningful decrease of neuroglia cells in diabetes compression group to compression group. The comparison of neuroglia density from two care groups with does 25mg/kg and 50 mg/kg with diabetes compression groups also shows the increase among groups with injection of extract to diabetes compression group.Internal peritoneum injection of curcuma longa extract can be useful to decrease of degeneration rate of neuroglias in anterior horn.possibebly this extract has protective effect on neuroglias that related to antioxidant effect of this extract.

Brain is one of the important members of body that life is impossible without it. The brain is affected easily by different factors like physical, chemical factors agents and disrupts brain function in pons, medulla, spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system. Buprenorphine is an opioid partial agonist that is used as an analgesic and Drug addiction treatment. This drug is metabolized in liver and Excreted through on number of neuroglia cells, neurons and decrease of area on hippocampus.
In this research, we have been investigated the impact of Ascending doses of buprenorphine on all rats.
in order to perform this research, 35 rats with the same weight range has divided into 7 groups with 5 members that have been injected The drug buprenorphine in 21 days with doses 2,7,10,15,20 and 24 mg/kg and after end of injection, rats were killed by human methods and were sent to laboratory. The results show that intraperitoneal injection of buprenorphine could cause damage on brain tissue.
Based on the results have been obtained from statistical tests. The number of neuroglia cells, neurons and hippocampus area does decrease (p

Following the reduction of neurons due to peripheral nervous injuries, the number of neuroglial cells also decline because of not receiving vital factors. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effects of curcuma longa total extract on spinal cord neuroglia cell degeneration after sciatic nerve compression in rats. In this experimental clinical- trial, Wistar rats were categorized in five groups (control, compression, treatment1, treatment 2 and treatment 3), each including six rats. For inducing the injury in the compression and treatment groups, the right sciatic nerve in the upper thigh was compressed using clamp forceps. In the treatment groups, 100mg/kg doses of the extract were injected in group1(3 times a day), group 2 (6 times a day) and in group3 (9 times a day). After 28 days, following being anesthetized, the rats underwent perfusion and samples were taken out of the lumbar segments of their spinal cord. Then the samples, after going through tissue processes, were cut in 7 m serial sections and stained in blue toluidine. Through the stereological quantitative technique, neuroglial cells were counted. A significant decrease was seen in the number of neuroglial cells in the compression group (6913±208) in comparison with the control group (10184±791). Also, through the comparison of the compression group with treatment group 1(7077±293), treatment group2 (9372±252) and treatment group 3 (8715±252) a significant difference among dnsity of neuroglial cells in groups and 3 with conppnessin group was seen. a remarkable increase in the numerical density of neuroglial cells was obtained (p<0.05). Due to its antioxidant effects, curcuma longa extract increased the numerical density of neuroglia cells following the compression of the sciatic nerve. The antioxidant effects of this extract probably inactivate the apoptosis channels which have been activated due to peripheral nerve injuries.

In this study TSGA10 has been demonstrated as a testis-specific human gene that encodes a protein localized in sperm-tail and conserved in ciliary structure. Further investigations showed TSGA10 signalling and expression during embryogenesis, brain development and some malignancies including brain tumors. Given the role of this protein in neuronal development and in certain tumors, it could potentially serve as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in brain tumors. Therefore, using immunohistochemistry, we evaluated the localization of TSGA10 in different regions of brain, and its pattern/level of expression in tissue microarray (Cybrdi) containing human brain tumors and normal brain. In rat specimens, TSGA10 was mainly expressed in subventricular zone, hippocampus and granular layer of cerebellum of the brain. The antibody also stained the diverse and different types of human brain cancers. The TSGA10 was strongly over-expressed in glioblastoma and astrocytoma when compared to normal human brain. The expression of TSGA10 was also confirmed in astrocyte derived from a human astroctyoma cell line by immunocytochemistry. This study indicates that TSGA10 can be used as an immunohistochemical marker for human neuroglia and astrocyte cells and is over-expressed in brain tumors.

Cerebral Ischemia is a neural disease which causes dying of a number of people every year. The disease usually exposures since stopping the blood pressure and also arresting of heart muscle. HMGB1 is a member of High Mobility Group superfamily proteins which all have a common DNA binding. HMGB1 is released as an extracellular signaling molecule and it binds to Toll like receptors at the cell membrane in the brain cells inflammations. Totally it leads to increase the cytokines and it also intensifies the inflammation. More inflammation can cause the brain cells apoptosis such as neurons and neuroglia cells. Rosamirinic acid، Tanshinone A and Tricin-7 Glucoside which were used for inhibition of HMGB1، they were studied using the Molegro Virtual Docker ans LiganScout softwares in this study. According to the scores، results showed that Tricin-7 Glucoside had better physical and spatial interactions with HMGB1 and TLR2 than others and also Tanshinone A had the best interaction with TLR4.

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiate into a variety of cell types. Indeed, stem cells are able to differentiate into functional specialized cells e.g. myocardiocyte, neurocyte, osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, etc. Among stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered by researchers on account of having differentiation ability into variety of cells with no risk of tumorogenicity and immune system stimulation. The aim of this article is reviewing of stem cell types, their sources, MSCs, their features and characteristics, their potential in regenerative medicine and their clinical application in medicine. Information have been gathered in the present review study in 2017, by referring to the following databases; PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid Databases, Scopus, Wiley and Springer. MSCs have an ability to differentiate into various cells e.g. osteoblast, adipocyte, myocardiocyte, chondrocyte, myoblast, neurocyte, neuroglia cells, myocyte, endothelial cells, isle cells, etc. Also, it seems that MSCs have been preferred in regenerative medicine because of having immunomodulatory properties and ability of secretion of various cytokines and growth factors. Development of human knowledge in the field of producing, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, bring the hope of using these cells in treatment of neural lesion e.g. spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer, parkinsonism, etc.

 Epilepcy is a chronic neurological disease, and due to its complex mechanism, the current therapeutic drugs for it are not effective enough. It may have a non-neurological origin such as astrocytes and microglia.

This study aims to investigate the effect of cabergoline and levetiracetam (alone or combined) on the histological and stereological structure of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in rats with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure. 

 In this experimental study, samples were 30 female rats in five groups of control, seizure (PTZ-induced kindling), seizure+levetiracetam, seizure+cabergoline, seizure+levetiracetam+cabergoline. Levetiracetam and cabergoline were used at 50 and 0.05 mg/kg doses, respectively, and half of these doses were used in the seizure+levetiracetam+cabergoline group. After anesthesia, animals’ brain tissue was removed and after preparing tissue slices, the number of neurons and neuroglia was examined using stereology technique.

 In the cerebral cortex and in the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum, the numbers of neurons and neuroglia in the treatment groups were not significantly different from those in the control group, but a significant decrease was observed in the CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in the seizure group compared to the control group. In dentate gyrus, the number of neurons in all treatment groups and the number of neuroglia in the seizure group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. In the Purkinje layer of the cerebellum, there was no significant change in the number of neurons compared to that in the control group.

 The hippocampus is more involved in the occurrence of seizure activity than other parts of the brain. Neurons and neuroglia play an essential role in seizures, but more studies are needed for determining the relationship between the number of these cells and the use of cabergoline because their number decreases in different parts of the hippocampus following chronic seizures, where the relationship is different between dendrite gyrus and CA regions.

The main pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include the cytotoxic extracellular accumulation of the amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The Aβ plaques are responsible for cholinergic dysfunction and dementia in AD patients. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Aβ form an immune complex that activates neuroglia, clearing Aβ from the brain. Various Aβ-based therapeutic strategies have been proposed to reduce Aβ production, inhibit Aβ aggregation, and increase Aβ clearance. New medicines, such as aducanumab and donanemab, which are human IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, reduce cognitive impairment in patients with AD by decreasing the amount of Aβ plaques. Despite the considerable advantages of these agents, some disadvantages have also been reported, including Aβ-related imaging abnormalities, anaphylaxis, high cost, and contradictory results. Moreover, donanemab has delivered contradictory outcomes in improving recognition and performance in AD. However, although not fully proven yet, fewer side effects are reported for donanemab compared to aducanumab. Therefore, this review aims to explore the research background, compare the mechanism of action, and understand the advantages and disadvantages of aducanumab and donanemab. As a result, these medicines with maximum effectiveness and safety, yet fewer side effects, could be developed for future treatment and references.

Recovery in central nervous system (CNS) disorders is hindered by the limited ability of the vertebrate CNS to regenerate and replace damaged myelin، and re-establish functional neural connections. In spinal cord injury and other traumas، demyelination of intact axons is an important factor contributing to loss of function. Previous studies suggest that substantial recovery of function might be achieved through remyelination of damaged axons. This study examined the effects of Triiodothyronine (T3) on in vitro trans-differentiation of adult rat bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) into oligodendrocyte - like cells (OLCs).

This research was performd experimentally. Under strile conditions، BMSCs were isolated from female sprague-dawley rats. BMSCs were evaluated for different markers such as fibronectin، CD44، CD90، oct4 and CD45. OLCs transdifferentiated from BMSCs by sequential exposure of BMSCs to DMSO and RA in preinduction stage and then induced by heregulin، PDGF-AA، bFGF، and T3 at the induction stage. In both stages of preinduction and induction، the experssion of CD45، CD90، CD44، fibronectin، nestin، Oligo2، O4، NF68، NF160، GFAP، and O1 were assassed by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry.

Our results from immunocytochemistry showed that the fibronectin، CD44، CD90، and CD45 were expressed 94. 32 ± 0. 45%، 95. 48 ± 0. 24% and 97. 16 ± 0. 82% (p< 0. 05). Assessment of of O1، O4 and oligo2 experssion showed that in the induction stage، combination of HRG، PDGF، bFGF and T3 (25ng/ml) have an effective role in transdifferentiation of BMSCs into OLCs. ‍

DMSO and RA can transdifferente BMSCs into NeuroProgenitor Cells (NPC) and these cells can be differentiated into OLCs by combination of HRG، PDGF، bFGF and T3 (25ng/m) l.

Considering the role of glial cells in synaptic transmission, regulation of neurotransmitter concentration in synaptic cleft, K buffering, and releasing the gliotransmitters, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of glial cells inhibition on the progression of seizures induced by chemical kindling in rats.
In chemical kindling, animals received Pentylenetetrazol, 35 mg/kg each 48 hours, intraperitoneally and five different stages of seizure were appeared gradually and seizure parameters including maximum seizure stage (SS), stage 4 latency (S4L), stage 4&5 duration (S5D), and seizure duration (SD) were measured during 20 min after PTZ injection. Then seizure parameters were evaluated in animals treated with intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of Fluorocitrate (as a glial cells inhibitor), injected 30 min before PTZ, and compared with PTZ treated animals.
Results showed that glial cells inhibition with ICV injection of Fluorocitrate decreased SS, S5D, and SD and increased S4L significantly (P