Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is one of the most frequent neurological manifestations related to celiac disease (CD). Celiac disease is found in patients with a percentage ranging from 1.9% to 16.7%. Gluten cerebellar ataxia is purely cerebellar and involves the entire cerebellum. The clinical signs of CA are gait ataxia, limb ataxia, dysarthria, pyramidal signs, altered eyes motions, and progressive impairment of stability, and erect position. The patients affected by Gluten CA show an immunological response against a primarily brain expressed TG, such as TG6. The prolonged gluten consumption in patients with gluten ataxia leads to a progressive loss of purkinje cells in the cerebellum. An early diagnosis of CA and gluten related disorders (GRD) increases the possibility to improve the neurological process. Non celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is defined by clinical evidence of improvement of symptoms following the introduction of GFD in the absence of enteropathy. The increased recognition of the whole spectrum of Gluten related disorders (GRD) is the best way to improve the time of the diagnosis and to avoid patients with neurological manifestation remaining untreated if duodenal biopsy does not reveal an enteropathy. Cerebellar Ataxia is equally responsive to GFD in CD and NCGS patients.

In past few decades، many research projects have been conducted to better understand the congnitive nature of mind and the neurological processes that occur during thinking and learning. New neurological research findings show that human mind develops through real and conceived experiences. These research findings are consistent with assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s developmental theory of intelligence، as well as Vygotesky’s Zone of Proximal Development and they all have clear and pratical implications for curriculum decisiom makers. The developmental theories of intelligence and the relevant research findings indicate that the development process is flexible and is influenced by individual’s economic، social and cultural conditions. Furthere، individuals’ developmental processes have much in common that allows curriculum dicision makers to identify levels and key stages of schooling. Thus، considering these theoretical approaches and experimental findings، it is necessary to design an educational system in such a manner that learners have opportunities to move along the key stages with their own pace and based on their different abilities and capabilities. Therefore، the new National Curriculum Document of the I. R. of Iran should pay attention to both educational structure and flexibility of the content (prescribed، semi- prescribed and not prescribed). This enables students with various characteristics to benefit the educational programs suitable to their needs.

Various reports of neurological manifestations of SARS-COV-2 infection after the virus outbreak are available, including anosmia, seizures, acute flaccid myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and encephalitis. Most of the literature has focused on the respiratory manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults, but recent evidence showed that it is not confined to the respiratory tract. This report is about a rare variant of GBS acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) in a child due to COVID-19 infection An 11 years old boy was referred to the hospital with a history of three-day lasting mild fever, and gastroenteritis, two weeks before starting symptoms. He was presented with progressive ascending weakness, paresthesia, and areflexia in four limbs four days ago. Nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for SARS-CoV-2. The electrodiagnostic finding was compatible with acute generalized axonal motor neuropathy, and imaging revealed thoracolumbar syrinx and nerve root enhancement in lumbosacral MRI. Other lab tests were normal. GBS and its variant are one of the manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Children with an unexplained neurological process should be tested for SARS-CoV-2.

The investigation of rhythm processing in Iranian “Dastgah” music using fMRI. 12 right handed musicians with the age range of 20-30 years listened to rhythmic and non-rhythmic pieces of Mahour Dastgah in a random order, and their brain activation was measured. Pieces of rhythmic and non-rhythmic Mahour activated specific parts of the brain. The regions most activated during non-rhythmic Mahour pieces included right middle frontal gyrus, right planum temporal, and right superior temporal gyrus. Also, rhythmic Mahour pieces activated left Amygdala, left frontal pole, left orbitofrontal cortex, left middle temporal gyrus, and left primary motor cortex. Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that laterality plays an important role in the appreciation of rhythm. The data can be also interpreted based on the hierarchical model, meaning that music possessing a higher level of complex factors such as rhythm, is processed in higher levels of the brain.

Studies have shown that depressed patients experience slow processing of information during the course of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on rumination, anxiety and neurological processes in depressed woman.

This research was an experimental design. The statistical population of the study was all depressed patients referred to psychiatric centers in Tabriz in 2021 and the sample of these patients were selected by convenience sampling. The Pennsylvania State Survey (1990), Nolen-Hoxima (1991) rumination questionnaire, Beck depression (1961), 64-channel electroencephalography, and Beck cognitive-behavioral protocol (1983) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistical methods of multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy reduces anxiety, rumination and depression and decreases alpha in region F4 and increases alpha in region F3.

Based on these findings, psychologists and psychiatrists should be recommended to use cognitive-behavioral interventions as an effective intervention for depressed patients.

Perinatal asphyxia is the third-leading (23%) cause of neonatal death worldwide. Even in cases where it is not fatal, it can lead to hypoxic injury to the brain, heart, lungs, liver, gut and kidneys. Perinatal asphyxia is especially likely to cause neurodevelopmental deficits.

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate miR-210 expression in the peripheral blood of asphyxiated neonates and to explore the connection between miR-210 expression and neurological diseases in perinatal asphyxia.

Peripheral blood samples were obtained, and clinical characteristics (sex; mode of delivery; 5 and 10 minutes Apgar scores and neonatal behaviour neurological assessment (NBNA), white blood cell (WBC), procalcitonin (PCT) and blood gas analysis scores) were recorded for 42 asphyxiated neonates and 41 healthy controls. The miR-210 expression in the peripheral blood was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Statistical analysis was used for predicting the relationship between miR-210 expression and other indicators associated with the diagnosis of asphyxia. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for exploring the biological function of miR-210.

The miR-210 expression was noted to be 1.8-fold higher in the peripheral blood of asphyxiated neonates than in healthy controls (P < 0.01). The area under curve (AUC) of miR-210 expression in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was > 0.7 (AUC = 0.746, P = 0.0002). For examining the association between miR-210 and autism or epilepsy, 670 putative miR-210 targets involved in neurological processes were explored; of these targets, 102 and 26 targets were significantly associated with autism and epilepsy, respectively. These results suggest the involvement of miR-210 in neurological and cardiovascular injury associated with asphyxia, but is primarily related to neurological processes.

The expression of miR-210 could be used as an indicator to diagnose neonates with asphyxia, which may help in identifying some neurological and cardiac diseases that cannot be diagnosed during traditional neonatal health screening. In addition, it could provide early prevention and treatment for asphyxiated neonates.

Behavioral immune systems allow organisms to detect the presence of disease-causing pathogens in their environment more immediately and engage in behaviors that prevent them from coming into contact with objects and individuals. There is extensive research linking behavioral immune systems to a variety of prejudices. These prejudices cause labeling and ultimately social stigma on these people. Therefore, the present study investigated the behavioral safety system and its unique effect on prejudice and stigmatization in people with infectious diseases.In this review study, the research literature was searched through Google Scholar and PubMed with the words "Behavioral Immune System, Prejudice, Stigmatization", and the relevant authorities were included in this study. Research has shown that people tend to associate illness with obesity, the manifestation of facial symptoms, physical disability, and foreign nationality in order to avoid becoming ill by predicting illness and thus overreacting to them. These reactions occur in many groups of people who do not actually have the contagious disease and are called a type of psychological allergy. These prejudicial reactions and labeling can cause social distress for these people and their long-term social isolation.

Disgust is triggered in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of autonomic nervous system activity and neural activity, but in functional connections between anatomical structures, chemical neurological processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena, the genetic structure is involved. Demonstrating behavioral immunity, there is not much information and more study is needed.

Context: Involvement of the endocannabinoid system (eCBs) in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes has attracted a growing interest. In fact, identification of this ubiquitous signaling system has provided new insights into the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of various diseases which may lead to development of novel therapeutic strategies..Evidence Acquisitions: The limited efficacy of current pharmacological treatments for neurological disorders has led to considerable research interests in new drug development. Based on the modulatory effects of the eCBs on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, pharmacological manipulation of the eCBs may prove beneficial in neurological problems.. The eCBs is involved in the survival signaling pathways, neural plasticity, and neuroprotection. Furthermore, the eCBs has proved therapeutic effects against the neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, mood and movement disorders, spinal cord injury, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease.. In the present manuscript, an overview on the regulatory role of the eCBs in neurological disorders underscores the importance of systematic analysis of the efficacy and mechanisms of action of cannabinoid-based drugs. Based on the anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative effects of cannabinoids, the development of drugs without psychoactive effects would be a promising therapeutic alternative for neurological diseases..

The basal ganglia (BG) controls different patterns of behavior by receiving inputs from sensory-motor and pre-motor cortex and projecting it to pre-frontal, pre-motor and supplementary motor areas. As the exact role of BG in swallowing process has not been fully determined, we aimed at reviewing the published data on neurological control in the swallowing technique to have a better understanding of BG’s role in this performance.
English-language articles, which were published before December 2015 and eligible for the present research, were extracted from databases according to the inclusion criteria, i.e. articles related to “neurological aspects of swallowing” and/or “lesions of sub-cortical or BG relevant to swallowing disorders”.
This systematic review indicates that BG is a complicated neurological structure with indistinct functions and that swallowing is a sophisticated process with several unknown aspects.
Swallowing is a multifaceted performance that needs contribution of the tongue, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus as well as the neurological structures such as neocortex and subcortical regions - BG and brainstem.

Divorce is a process that begins with the emotional crisis of both couples and ends with trying to resolve the conflict through entering a new success with a new role and lifestyle. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of schema therapy on rumination, cognitive fusion, cognitive avoidance and neurocognitive processing in couples applying for divorce in Tabriz city.

This research was a semi-experimental design. The statistical population of the research was all couples applying for divorce in Tabriz city in 2018, and 30 of them were purposefully selected. In order to collect information, questionnaires of rumination, cognitive fusion, cognitive avoidance and 64-channel quantitative electroencephalography device were used, and Yang's schema therapy protocol was used for intervention. The collected data were analyzed with using descriptive statistical methods of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistical methods of multivariate covariance analysis.

The results showed that schema therapy reduces rumination, cognitive fusion, and cognitive avoidance, and also increases beta frequency and decreases delta in the FZ region (P<0/01 ).

Based on the results obtained from this research, the schema therapy can be used as an effective intervention to reduce rumination, cognitive fusion and cognitive avoidance of couples applying for divorce.