By investigating the passive structures in Persian using a qualitative method in terms of the theory of Dynamic Anti-symmetry (hence, DAS) (Moro, 2000), we intended to examine the factors which trigger passive sentences; the study was done in a unified and different way. A passive sentence is a kind of unaccusative sentence which has an explicit/implicit external theta role as an agent; it`s the most eminent distinction between unaccusative and passive structure. Having studied the literatures, we understood that none of those previous studies, except Karimi & Osmani (2016), had explored the external theta role; they have considered an essential role for the verb /ʃodæn/ (to become) in passive structures, though. These facts persuaded the researcher to scrutinize the passive structure and provide an explanation for the presence of the agent and study the role of verb /ʃodæn/ (to become) in passive sentences. Meanwhile, according to DAS, we took movement as a symmetry breaking process, but not a process through which uninterpretable features can be checked.
We indicated that active and passive structures are alike. In other words, in both types of sentences we observed that in line with UTAH and Collins (2005), a DP, but not a by-phrase, merges (as an external argument) with a in Spec-ⱱP and construct a ⱱP and another DP merges as the complement of this ⱱP. The first DP carries the agent theta role and the second one carries a theme theta role. This fact justifies the presence of an agent in passive sentences. In passive structure, this ⱱP then merges with a by-phrase, then this by-phrase merges with a Voice Phrase (hence, VoP) which is the result of the hierarchy of projection; this VoP is assumed to bear the passive feature and values the [u-infl.] feature of the light verb as passive. This light verb cannot value its complement as accusative; therefore, the [u-case] feature of the complement of the light verb is valued as nominative through the agreement with tensed passive (Voice) node and then, the complement can move to Spec-TP according to the principles of DAS. This ⱱP will be spelled out as the past participle unless the VoP is not filled by verbs such as "/ʃodæn/, /gæʃtæn/, /ɑmædæn/ and /ræftæn/".
Although previous studies have considered the verb /ʃodæn/ (to become) as a trigger for passive, we showed that according to Bateni (1969), Dabirmoghadam (1985) and Mansouri (2010) this verb is not the only verb which can appear in passive sentences and since there is no trace of such a verb in passive structures in Old and Middle Persian, this is crystal clear that /ʃodæn/ (to become) by no means triggers passive sentences, rather this verb is considered as a phonological representation of a Voice node bearing the passive feature. Therefore, this verb can be assumed neither a light verb nor an auxiliary one but something completely different (Bateni, 1969). According to the results of this study we argued that there is no such a structure as passive, but it is the emergent property of a functional node called Voice node.

In the present study, the subject of “passive voice in Persian language” has been analyzed and studied in a minimalist approach Bowers (2010; 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program, in which the shortcomings of the previous theories have been eliminated and the most important achievement is to provide the universal order of merge; An arrangement that, according to Bowers, can be used to organize the merge process in different languages. In this article, with reference to the linguistic data extracted from “the corpus of syntactic dependency of Persian language”, while showing how this universal order of merge works; we will examine a part of the corpus with the label “passive sentences”. Also, by using Bowers’ latest theoretical framework, which is also effective in Persian, we analyze the active constructions that are present in the corpus as a passive sentence. Determining the syntactic position of noun phrases according to their distinct semantic roles, the position of by-phrase in passive sentences, examining the floating quantifier category and differentiating in the way of merging of predicate sentences and passive sentences in Persian are the results of this research in the framework of the minimalist program.

This paper reports the results of a corpus-driven study that investigated the structural frequency and diversity of lexical bundles in chemistry research articles. The investigation was based on a corpus of 1,185 chemistry research articles, totaling four million words. WordSmith was used to generate four-word lexical bundles and their concordance lines. Altogether, 223 lexical bundles were found. More than 55% of these bundles were phrasal; 35% of them were clausal. ‘Prepositional phrases + of’ bundles were the most frequently used bundles. Bundles with a passive verb, followed by a prepositional phrase fragment were the second most frequent bundles in the entire corpus. Bundles with the structure ‘noun phrase + of’ were the third and second most frequent bundles in the corpus and among phrasal bundles, respectively. In terms of diversity, bundles with ‘noun phrase + of’ and ‘passive + prepositional phrase fragment’ were the most varied and bundles with ‘pronoun/noun phrase + be’ structure were the least varied bundles in the entire corpus. Prepositional phrase bundles outnumbered noun phrase bundles in terms of frequency, whereas noun phrase bundles outnumbered prepositional phrase bundles in diversity. Altogether, the results show that frequency and diversity correlate with the type of phrasal lexical bundle. Moreover, the study suggests that different discourses are associated with different sets of lexical bundles with different frequency and diversity, due to the different communicative functions they follow. The paper ends with implications for future EAP research, materials development, and pedagogy.

Keenan and Dyer (2007: 329) introduce the two types of passive constructions; basic passives and non-basic passives. In basic passives, no agent phrase is present and the main verb in its non-passive form is transitive. In these types of passives, the main verb expresses an action, having agent subjects and patient objects in its non-passive form (transitive form). Any deviation from the basic passive constructions leads to non-basic passives. Although in the basic passives, the main verb in its non-passive form is transitive, typological studies of passive construction show that some languages permit passives on intransitives. Keenan and Dryer (2007) introduce the term “impersonal passive” with 6 subtitles. They call the intransitive passive constructions as a kind of impersonal passive and classify the passivization of intransitives into two groups. The first one uses the syntactic and morphological pattern of basic passives to derive non-basic passives from intransitive verbs. The second one utilizes the same passive morphology on intransitives and the agent phrases in the same way as in the basic passives. In the Persian language, there is a rich literature on passives. Accordingly, some linguists do not agree on existence of passive construction in Persian. Those who disagree on the existence of passives called this so-called passive construction inchoative. In contrast, many linguists admit this idea and consider different aspects of passive construction in different approaches. Despite this rich literature on passive construction in Persian, no research has been conducted on the passivization of intransitives. This study which is both theory-based and corpus-based addresses the passivization of intransitives in the Persian language. The two corpora, including Persian Syntactic Dependency Treebank (Rasooli et al., 2013) and Hamshahri corpus (AleAhmad et al., 2009) provide the data required (passive verbs) for the research. For this purpose, different conjugations of the passive voice auxiliary verb ‘šodan’ are searched and then, among the different passive verbs, intransitive passives are listed. In the next step, in order to examine how these verbs are presented in the natural language data, the websites have been searched for the passive and active forms of these intransitive verbs. The results emerged from the frequency count and descriptive statistics showed that in Persian the language, some unaccusative and unergative intransitives can be passivized based on common passivization pattern in this language. The passives on unaccusative intransitives accept the subject of active form after being passivized in the subject position, whereas those from unergatvive intransitives maybe accept or do not accept, that is in the second form of intransitive passivization the subject is deleted or demoted in an optional oblique phrase. This corpus-based study therefore classifies passives on intransitive verbs into three groups. These three possibilities are determined by the type of intransitives and the subject's behavior. If the subject of active intransitive is agent, the verb is unergative intransitive. The subject of active unergative intransitive can be demoted by eliminating from the sentence or by demoting to the status of an oblique NP after passivization. Based on the subject's behavior of unergative verb in passivization, these verbs can be divided into two groups; unergative passive type 1 and unergative passive type 2. If the subject of the intransitive verb is the patient, the verb is unaccusative intransitive. After passivization, the subject of passive and active forms of these verbs are identical in the subject position. Some unergative passive type 1 in the Persian language are as follows ‘ɂɑbeɹuɹizi caɹdan’, ‘ɂɑbeɹudɑɹi caɹdan’, ‘casifcɑɹi caɹdan’, ‘xaɹɑbcɑɹi caɹdan’, ‘ɂezdehɑm caɹdan’, ‘ɂetesɑb caɹdan’. Some unergative passive type 2 in Persian language are ‘hamhame caɹdan’, ‘sɑxtosɑz caɹdan’, ‘xɑnesɑzi caɹdan’, ‘ʃahɹacsɑzi caɹdan’, ‘camfoɹuʃi caɹdan’, ‘Gijɑmat caɹdan’, ‘Ganunʃecani caɹdan’, ‘ceʃɑvaɹzi caɹdan’, ‘ɂenGelɑb caɹdan’, ‘tamaddonsɑzi caɹdan’, ‘sijɑhcɑɹi caɹdan’. Some accusative passive in Persian language are as follows ‘palɑsidan’ ‘paʒmoɹdan’ ‘ɹujidan’ ‘ʃecɑftan’ ‘ʃecoftan’ ‘fot caɹdan’ ‘ɂɑbse caɹdan’ ‘ɹosub caɹdan’ ‘taɹɑʃ xoɹdan’. Accordingly, the results of this corpus-based study revealed that the Persian language allows passivization of intransitives like some other languages (Dutch, German, Latin, Classical Greek, North Russian dialects, Shona (Bantu), Turkish, and Taramahua (Uto-Aztecan)). In addition to this central result, according to the findings, we could also explain why the subjects of some intransitive verbs remain in the subject position after passivization but the subjects of the other one demote in oblique position or deleted from the sentence. For this reason, the intransitive verbs can be divided into two groups; unergative and unaccusative intransitives where the subject of the first one is the agent and the subject of the other one is the patient. After passivization, the patient subject of the intransitive active verb remains in the subject position but the agent subject of the intransitive active verb demotes through deleting or appearing in the form of an oblique phrase.

The movement of the subject from the embedded clause to the matrix clause has fanned the flames for more and more arguments among Persian linguists. In this article, two main questions are discussed: (1) is that the aforementioned movement A-movement or A-bar movement? and (2) what is the association of the movement with phase theory. The method adopted to answer these questions is analytic-descriptive. The first question is dealt with on the basis of freezing principle and successive movement which show that the embedded subject undergoes a-bar movement regardless of the kind of the matrix verb. On the one hand, on the basis of the freezing principle, the subject case feature is checked in the embedded clause, so, it can undergo A-bar movement. On the other hand, successive movement also shows that the subject undergoes A-bar movement to the matrix clauses having so-called raising predicates on the grounds that A-movement leads to improper movement. However, whether the verb is transitive or the so-called raising or passive restricts the movement. If the verb is transitive the displaced subject must appear with ‘ra’, if the matrix verb is so-called raising, it must appear without ‘ra’ and if the matrix verb is passive, it cannot appear in the matrix clause with or without ‘ra’. The appearance of ‘ra’ shows that not only the subject undergoes A-bar movement, but also v is a phase head in Persian, because the moved subject must go to the specifier of the transitive matrix vP and receives ‘ra’, then moves to a functional node, which can be either focus phrase or topic phrase. The passive matrix vP doesn’t allow the subject to move through its specifier and on the basis of induction, it can be claimed that the subject moves through the specifier of the so-called raising predicates. As a result, it seems that vP is a phase phrase in Persian.

Unaccusative constructions are one place predicates and their single core argument, like a passive predicate, functions as un undergoer rather than actor. This study attempts to explore the characteristics of these constructions as well as their differences with passive predicates in Bakhtyari dialect of Masjed Soleiman. Unaccusative constructions are morphological in nature formed by the aid of two suffixes –eh in present and –est in past stems. Interestingly, these two suffixes are used to express passivization as well. Consequently, passive and unaccusative predicates are apparently similar in this dialect. However, one can distinguish these two constructions using two grammatical tests. The first is the fact that only in passive predicates can we add an agentive prepositional phrase to the sentence. The second diagnostic test to differentiate these two types of construction is that only in unaccusative predicates the adverb xos be xos (impulsively) can be used.

“Tamiz” is a term getting used in Arabic and Persian syntax. The term in old Persian grammars was equivalent with its meaning in Arabic, but over time was getting used for object complement, mean a grammatical function which make verbs like “danestan” (to know), “namidan” (to name), “pendashtan” (to assume) etc. clear objectively. Today “tamiz” means the same grammatically in Persian. This paper means two, first to determine when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? Second to describe tamiz and its related verb and object. In order to attain the first, the author investigated Persian grammars (in a historical order), and to attain the second the author used a corpus-based investigation. Some of the results are as such: Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all, tamizs have direct object and a few have prepositional object. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz except verbs like “yad shodan” (be reminded), “gofte shodan” (be said) and “etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too.

This paper was written on the structure of Inflection Phrase (IP)in Persian. In the Framework of X’ – Theory. IP is the unit of syntax analysis of language. In other words, every sentence is an IP. In Persian TP, MP, AspP and VP are the complements of I, T, Mood and Asp. During the inflection process, the head V cyclicly moves to the above mentioned head to accept the national content of aspect, modality, tense and subject agreement. The markers stand for these notional categories are of auxiliaries, affixes or clitics. In Persian, the only auxiliary verb is “budan” (in three forms: “ast”, “bud” and “bash”) which is appeared in the node of inflection. The other inflectional markers are tense, mode and subject agreement markers. Finally, we have analysed Persian inflection phrase on the basis of x-bar theory.Consequently, some key points and hints are proposed on Persian future tense, continuous aspect and passive voice

The purpose of this study is to investigate the syntactic merging process of the middle constructions in Persian within the minimalist framework proposed by Bowers (2010, 2018). Within this framework, Bowers analyzed the merging of active, middle and passive sentences based on the two categories of 'Predication' and 'Transitivity'. It is worth mentioning that in his latest works, Bowers (2010, 2018) has replaced the transitive phrase (TrP) by 'voice' with its core features intact. The voice category used in Bowers (2010) is a generalization of the transitivity category previously proposed by Bowers (2002). In general, this category enters into a "matching relationship" with objects. Bowers (2018) in his approach calls this node a role of "transitive voice" which is represented as (Vtr). In fact, Bowers goes back from a more general interpretation of this node to a more detailed one. These changes are merely in the name of syntactic nodes and have no effect on the syntactic properties of transitive nodes, because it is evident that Bowers still knows transitive active constructions, middles and passives, including the transitivity category, and unergative and unaccusative constructions without this category

RésuméLes études grammaticales sont considérées comme une nouvelle méthode aux études de la traduction depuis quelques années. À vrai dire, au cours des études de grammaire, nous pouvons comparer les formes grammaticales en usage dans deux langues, pour en montrer les différences et les ressemblances.Le passif est un mode qui met en valeur un état, une action ou un événement. Cette présente étude vise à comparer la voix passive dans les langues française et persane et à étudier comment cette voix est traduite dans la traduction du roman L’amant de Marguerite Duras faite par Ghassem Roubine afin de montrer l’emploi différent de cette voix dans ces deux langues. Nous aborderons, ainsi, les trois manières utilisées par le traducteur pour la traduction des verbes à la voix passive du roman : Les cas traduits sous forme active, les cas traduits sous forme passive et les cas traduits sous forme participe. Au cours de cette analyse, nous étudierons quelques exceptions, comme les participes dans le sens passif et les phrases actives traduites sous forme passive. La méthodologie adoptée pour cette étude est à la fois théorique et pratique. Notre recherche s’appuiera sur la méthode fonctionnelle et nous utiliserons la méthode d’analyse structurale et analytique.Mots-clés : L’amant, la traduction, Marguerite Duras, la voix active, la voix passive, Ghassem Roubine.