This project was carried out to optimize the extraction and microencapsulation of color compounds of the processing waste of (Urtica dioica). Response surface method to investigate the effects of independent variables of ethanol solvent concentration (100, 50, and 0%), solvent to the raw material ratio (in three ratios of 30, 45, and 60%), three times (1, 4 and 7 hr) and Three temperatures (20, 40 and 60° C) were performed on extraction efficiency, chlorophyll content, and pheophytin of ethanolic extract of nettle color extract. Optimization of the extraction process based on the models obtained from the optimal extraction conditions, the solvent to raw material ratio was 33:67, the solvent concentration was 100%, the extraction time was 7 hours and the extraction temperature was 25°C. Under optimal conditions, the extraction efficiency was 7.99%, the amount of chlorophyll and pheophytin extracted were 54.75 and 341.54 mg/100gdry matter, respectively. In order to stabilize the extract, the microencapsulation was applied with two walls of maltodextrin and polyvinylpyrolidone by a spray dryer. Production capacity of microcapsules, moisture, bulk density, color properties, and glass transition temperature of microcapsules of Urtica dioica extract were investigated. Also, the stability of the color compounds of microcapsules during 21 days of storage in different humidity and temperature conditions was evaluated. The results showed that the microencapsulated colored compounds with maltodextrin had better physicochemical properties compared to other microcapsules. The number of color compounds in the microcapsules decreased during 21 days of storage, but the microencapsulation caused more protection and stability of the color compounds in the microcapsules in different humidity and temperature conditions. The coefficient of determination was more than 0.90) and was introduced as the optimal treatment. Both microcapsules were stable at room temperature with 121.35 and 82°C glass transfer temperatures, respectively.

The numerous application of castor oil in order to extraordinary physicochemical properties in pharmaceutical, chemical, hygienic, cosmetics, biodiesel industries and nowadays in food science was resulted that was carry out copious research on it. In this research was investigation quality, oil content and physicochemical properties of castor oil in Eastern Azarbaijan area’s. in analysied samples oil content were (%35-52), moisture content (%0.3-0.7), refractive index (1.404-1.42), chlorophyll content (0.17-0.39 mg Pheophytin/kg Oil), acid value (0.2-0.9 mg NaOH/g Oil), peroxide value (0-0.012 meq O2/kg Oil), soponification value (167-178.5 mg KOH/g Oil) and iodine value (75-86 g I2/100 g Oil). The results of the study revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) of oil content, moisture and chlorophyll content, acid value, soponification value and iodine value but There was no significant difference (p>0.05) among of samples refractive index and peroxide value. Content oil of Marand Area’s had most Percentage. This is the first detailed report on the oil physicochemical properties and oil content of castor beans from Eastern Azarbaijan different area’s.

Water samples were collected from five selected mangrove ecosystems along Kerala coast, North of Cochin, on seasonal basis and analysed for various hydrographic parameters. To explain spatiotemporal variations and the processes controlling their distribution, ANOVA (two factor without replication), correlation and principal component analysis were carried out. Concentration of total nitrogen varied from 10.26 to 188.38 μM and total phosphorous from 1.53 to 22.88 μM, with comparatively higher concentration in monsoon season which could be attributed by land run off. Chlorophyll pigments recorded significant seasonal variation ranging from ND to 40.86 μg/L (chlorophyll a), ND to 6.00 μg/L (Chlorophyll b) and ND to 13.80 μg/L (Chlorophyll c). Both monsoon and post monsoon seasons recorded higher concentration of pheophytin compared to Chlorophyll a and the maximum concentration of chlorophyll was observed during pre monsoon. Station 2 (Pappinissery) exhibited elevated concentration of nutrients (especially NH4 +) and lower DO content which pointed towards the reducing environment by anthropogenic stress. Factor analysis revealed six components which explained 92.77% of the total variance. It also described the processes like diagenesis, sediment remineralisation, anthropogenic activities, tidal and river influx which make the ecosystem highly complex.

Castor oil due to extraordinary physicochemical properties has numerous applications in pharmaceutical, chemical, hygienic, biodiesel and nowadays in food industries. During plant growth and development, as well as during postharvest and processing, different factors may affect caster oil properties. This study was conducted to evaluate oil content and physiochemical properties under different sowing dates under climatic conditions of Tehran. The highest seed yield (1590.67 kg ha-1) and oil yield (774.43 kg ha-1) were obtained from 5th April Sowing date, that had significant difference with other sowing dates. In analyzed samples oil content were (%34.45-49/97), moisture content (%0.97-2.12), refractive index (1.470-1.473), chlorophyll content (0.26-0.40 mg Pheophytin/kg oil), acid value (0.28-0.62mg NaOH/g oil), peroxide value (0 meq O2/kg oil), soponification value (165.62-181.34 mg KOH/g oil) and iodine value (82.43-89.22 g I2/100 g oil). The results revealed significant differences for moisture and chlorophyll content, acid value (p

In the course of evolution, phagotrophic euglenoids developed before the phototrophic species. Most phagotrophic euglenoids have a robust feeding apparatus. Members of the algal genus Peranema are able to eat a wide variety of living organisms that have little or no mobility, such as other unicellular algae and live yeasts. Stabilization ponds are artificial environments rich in organic matter, nutrients and microorganisms, and are therefore suitable environments for growing species of Euglenophyta. This contribution records, through photographs and videos, the operation of the feeding apparatus of Peranema collected in a wastewater stabilization pond. The mean pheophytin content of the water was higher than the mean chlorophyll a content, which indicates a non-ideal environment for the growth of microalgae. Thus, Peranema can be used as a bioindicator of the quality of wastewater stabilization pond. The operation of the feeding apparatus of Peranema sp. and the strategy for phagocytizing plastids of Lepocinclis sp. are described.

Milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) is one of the medicinal plants which possess important nutritional and medicinal applications. It is shown that extracts of its leaf and the oil extracted from its seeds can retard liver diseases; and promote antioxidant and anticancer effects. In this research, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of extracted oil from milk thistle seeds were studied. The total oil content of the seeds was 28.9% and physicochemical properties were as follow: refractive index 1.452, chlorophyll content 0.55 mg pheophytin/kg oil, acid value 0.25 mg NaOH/g Oil, peroxide value 0.7 meq O2/kg Oil, saponification value 181 mg KOH/g Oil and iodine value 105 g I2/100 g Oil. Fatty acid composition of milk thistle oil was also analysed by gas chromatography. Among determined fatty acids, linoleic acid (39%) and oleic acid (36.7%) were the highest, followed by palmitic acid (10.1%), stearic acid (6.8%), linolenic acid (3.6%), arachidic acid (2.9%) and behenic acid (0.57%). Based on the results obtained, milk thistle seeds were rich in oil and essential fatty acids and this is important from nutritional and medicinal points of view, therefore cultivation of this oilseed for production of edible oil can be studied for consumption.

The first location of cold stress effect on PSII in plants and algae is not fully clear. Therefore, the effect of low temperature (8°C) on the activity of different parts of PSII were investigated in D. salina as plant model system is investigated using chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics. In this study unicellular green alga, D. salina, 200 UTEX strain was used. The Algae were cultured in the medium containing 1M of NaCl at 8°C or 25°C in triplicates. Then the parameters of Chl-a fluorescence was measured in various interval after cold stress. The results showed that at temperatures 8°C, the rate of parameters FV/Fo, φPo, ψo, φEo, φRo and PIABS in the species D.salina were decreased in comparison with the control (25°C). Whereas, the rate of parameters φDo and ABS/RC were decreased. According to the results, decreasing of efficiency of water-splitting complex under low temperature stress probably has a significant effect on electron transport to the PSII electrons acceptors and creates imbalance in activity of PSII electron transport chain. The effect of cold stress on water-splitting complex, in turn, seems to decrease the rate of electron transport to Pheophytin and QA and from QA to QB, plastoquinone pool and finally reduction of end acceptor at photosystem I electron acceptor side. It could be finalized that the water-splitting complex is the first site that is affected by cold stress in PSII of D.salina cells.

Castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants which are used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and hygienic industries of many developed countries. The versatile application of castor oil in different industry and recently in food industry has led to much research being done on castor oil. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of climatic factors on oil content, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of medicinal castor oil in Azarbaijan region to add on performance of this valuable medicinal plant. Oil extraction yield in the analysed samples were 35-51%. The results on other physicochemical properties were as follow refractive index (1.404-1.421), chlorophyll content (0.16-0.39 mg pheophytin/kg Oil), acid value (0.29-0.6 mg NaOH/g Oil), peroxide value (below 1), saponification value (167-178 mg KOH/g Oil) and iodine value (75-85 g I2/100 g Oil). In this research, fatty acids of extracted oils were determined by GC. Among determined fatty acids, ricinoleic acid (85.7-88.9%) had the highest level, followed by oleic acid (3.9-4.2%) and linoleic acid (2.2-4.1%) which was related to differences of region climatic factors. The results revealed that climatic factors can be effective on the oil content, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of castor oil.

In this study, the effect of salt stress on PSII of Dunaliella bardawil as a photosynthesis species model was invesigated to determines more effects of this stress and appropriate solutions to salt stress. In this study, OJIP-test method was used for analyzing of chlorophyll a fluorescence under stress. Different concentrations of NaCl, 1 to 2 M and 1 to 3 M, were applied at light and dark conditions. The results showed in both light and dark regimes, the rate of Fv/Fo, ΦPo, ψo, ΦEo, ΦRo and PIABS were reduced by salt stress of 1 to 3 M NaCl at primary hours after salt stress while Φ Do was increased. After first hours, the efficiency of PSII did not increased in dark regime unlike the samples in light condition. According to the results, salt stress led to reduction of water-splitting complex activity and the function of other electron acceptor in PSII. The rate of electron transport to pheophytin, QA, QB and the other electron acceptors is also reduced. Hence it could be finalized that water-splitting complex is the first site damaged by salt stress. On the other hand, studying on salt stress under light and dark regimes showed that light accompanied by the other mechanisms such as photosynthesis and chlorophyll production increase the efficiency of algae system and recover to the condition before stress.

Echium amoenum Fisch. is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to family Boraginaceae. Due to low information related to the seed oil of Echium amoenum Fisch., aim of the study was to determine and comparison of eight different accessions for 1000 seed weight, composition and content of fatty acids of the seed oil and determining the affinities of the accessions with regard to the seed oil yield. Some physicochemical characteristics of the oil were also measured. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Seed oil was extracted by soxhlet apparatus and the components were identified by GC/MS. For measuring the physicochemical characteristics of the oil including refractive index, acidity index, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, humidity, chlorophyll content and pH, standard methods of AOCS were used. Seven fatty acids were detected in composition of the oils. Linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid were identified as the main fatty acids. Acid gamma-linolenic was detected in oil analysis. No significant differences were recorded for 1000 seed weight and oil percentage at 95% level of probability while oil components showed significant differences. The farthest and the closest affinities were respectively recorded for (Esfahan and Rahim Abad) and (Zardband and Esfahan). Refractive index, acidity index, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, humidity, Chlorophyll content and pH were measured as follows, respectively: 1.47, 3.1 mg NaOH/g oil, 1.39 meq o¬2¬/1000 gr oil, 101.3 grI¬2/ 100gr oil, 163.02 mg KOH/g, 1.78%,16.9 mg Pheophytin/kg oil, and 5.8.