Although the heavy traffic of metropolitan areas has created many problems, from another perspective, there is a big opportunity at the heart of this threat. This great opportunity is an entrepreneurial field in the form of urban physical distribution services. Still, this field of business has not been adequately recognized and known by society. It needs more supporting and complementary institutions and regulations to be reliable for the society. In this research, the issue of inner urban physical distribution services is analyzed by using dynamic modeling in the shape of systems dynamic analysis. First, the important aspects of the problem are specified. Afterwards, the dynamic assumptions are presented and the causal model is developed. In the next step, the behavioral credibility is verified by the current statistics and by using mathematical functions and simulating the models in “Venism”. As a result, certain policies are presented for development of inner urban physical distribution services and are evaluated by software simulation. Finally, the most effective policies which can affect development of inner urban physical distribution service are recommended.

In this article we attempt to design a comprehensive model for goods procurement and distribution network (GPDN) in Iran. The emphasis of this model is on improvement of efficiency, productivity, economy of scale and reducing physical distribution cost of goods in the country. Statistical sample has taken from expert and marketing managers of Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Cooperation, distribution cooperation companies, chamber of cooperation, chain stores, goods distributors and transportation companies. The result shows that the performance of goods distribution system of Iran is not appropriate. Traditional structure of goods distribution channels caused that physical distribution cost is more than 50% of end user price of goods. So distribution system needs a new structure as National Marketing Center (NMC) to branding, smart advertising, integrating distribution network and clustering in the country NMC can manage the new GPDN in association with 6 ministries and cooperation of private sector companies like goods distributors, chain stores, wholesalers and transportation companies. This situation can result to reducing prices, shortening distribution channel, increasing productivity of distribution network and purchasing power of consumers. At the end of article, model of GPDN along with situation, role and communication of different players in this network has been showed.

Evaluation of the current system of national distribution, design network model of production and distribution of product and strategy with efficiency in order to reduce the cost of physical distribution of goods, something essential seems to be one of the most important factors in corporate profitability is .The main objective of this research is how to design appropriate strategies using TOPSIS and SAW presented distribution network. For this purpose, the data were first collected, then the data was analyzed and the conclusion was reached. Company elphy Isfahan province was chosen as the model is tested. A questionnaire was used to collect data. For this purpose, a questionnaire with 10 criteria and the opinion of several experts and experts of the company was developed. The study population was elphy food production and distribution company.Analysis method, TOPSIS and SAW, respectively. Major Findings indicate that design strategies distribution network levels 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 and 6 in the methods TOPSIS and levels 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 4. In the SAW in order for development programs to managers were proposed . So both methods, two strategies have chosen as the best strategy.

This research is an attempt to examine the spatial distribution and physical placement of public libraries in Rasht through a descriptive-analytical method using GIS. The work is an applied research with a descriptive-analysis approach which has been performed in GIS Software environment based on criteria taken from City hall services authorized by mayoralty of Rasht city. the research indicates that the public libraries in Rasht city are not distributed in accordance to the residents’ needs. Additionally, the Research approves the lack of enough libraries in Rasht city. Total population of Rasht equals 639957 peoples that per these population, only 12 libraries exist. Also, for giving useful recommendations for the place of libraries, fourteen information layers were prepared and analyzed by ARCGIS software, GIS Application, and AHP model to catch appropriate locations for building libraries in five different regions in Rasht city. Originality/Value: This work gets useful information to policy makers of Iran Public Libraries Foundation about Physical Distribution of public libraries of Rasht city and helps them to select better sites for establishing new libraries.

Due to the importance of Physical Distribution Service Quality (PDSQ) in logistic systems، the purpose of this paper is to design a practical scale for measuring the construct through the perspectives of Iranian convenience store retailers. A mixedmethod approach was employed for the study; in- depth interviews were first carried out with 16 Iranian experienced retailers who actively had worked in the industry; then content analysis was employed to identify the key underlying factors of PDSQ. Using the cluster sampling technique، 100 respondents from a retailing sector of 4 regions out of 22 regions of Tehran were selected for testing the measurement model and determining the importance and satisfaction level. 10 important PDSQ factors through perspective of Iranian convenience retailers were extracted and categorized in three dimensions including: Coordination of distribution agent (3 factors)، Ordering condition (3 factors)، and Behavioral features of distribution agents (4 factors). IPA diagram was drawn finally.

Urban environment is a space where human needs are met and therefore it should be suitable for human life. Failure to pay attention to the social and physical dimensions of cities in sustainable development puts various development programs and projects at risk, because physical and social sustainability depends on justice in the physical distribution of services in an adequate manner. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to measure the sustainability capacity of Urmia city based on social and physical indicators and using quantitative models. According to its purpose, this research is an applied research and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. Information has been collected through library studies, available articles, field studies and census data of Iran Statistics Center in 2015. Thus, after studying and reviewing the documents and sources related to sustainable development, effective social and physical indicators from the perspective of sustainability were extracted and then according to the availability of GIS data, 12 indicators were selected from among the various influential factors to reach the research output. The weight of the indicators was calculated using the best-worst method in Gamez software, and finally, by multiplying the weights in the standardized indicators based on fuzzy functions, the sustainability capacity in Urmia city was measured. The results show that 8% of the city area is in the very low stability zone, 16% in the low stability zone, 4% in the medium stability zone, 36% in the high stability zone and 36% in the very high stability zone.

Following the horizontal expansion of the city around the city, some spaces have been abandoned within the city and have failed to develop. These spaces, which are called intermediate levels, have the potential to develop the city because of their establishment within cities. One of the benefits of intermediate development is now environmental benefits and promotion of sustainable urban development indicators. Urban Development, unlike other urban development policies, is a complex, multi -faceted, intermediate and transcendental issue given that it takes place in the context of the existing city and with the presence of residents, citizens and neighborhood units. Inappropriate uses are reformed within the city's present -day life such as prisons, military garrisons, factories and intruders within the city. The level of passages and access networks, the level of green space, etc. approach urbanization standards. Increased development is to build new buildings on empty lands or unused parts between neighborhood units as well as commercial areas. In fact, the term of development, renovation, refurbishment and usability of existing urban areas, and equitable distribution of urban buildings and facilities at all areas and levels, is to provide and regenerate and reorganize the body of the city. Special for cities that face horizontal development restrictions is a good approach. Typically, cities that are facing natural bottlenecks and land limited to their horizontal expansion are the basis for the use of urban development, as well as other Iranian cities, have accelerated urbanization as a result of severe rural migration to the city. The agricultural and forest lands of its suburbs have been resolved, which in the future will lead to environmental consequences such as rising temperatures, shortage of crop land, urban irregularity, increased cost of service, and so on. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to measure the intermediate development in Rasht based on indicators (physical and demographic).

It is now possible to use the work of the work, and from the point of view of the method and the method in the sheets. For data analysis, the text of the text (document) of the general census of the population and housing in 2016 and the GIS layers in the Rasht city level are used in terms of administrative -political divisions of the Ministry of Interior. The present study attempts to analyze and analyze the appropriate pattern for urban development in different areas of Rasht in the context of the concepts and relying on the current situation. In the work process, the data were first compiled and theoretical by using library and electronic resources, and then, in order to analyze the appropriate pattern for urban development, investigate the existing capacities of the region in the form of physical indicators (type The materials, the life of the building and the quality of the building) and the demographic index have been taken. The following layers of information related to them are produced using digital information and GIS databases.

Spatial Distribution of Physical Index: In order to analyze the spatial distribution of the physical index of criteria (type of material, building life and quality of buildings) at different regions of the city of Rasht, each of which is described. • The materials used in the building and the life of the building The life index of the building or in other words the age of the residential unit is one of the qualitative indicators in the housing sector and related studies. In this study, the materials used in the building are specified in the form of 4 spectra, with the highest amount of the second spectrum (brick and iron), which have moderate to low resistance to natural disasters. In this study, buildings over 20 years have dated the title of development component between the criterion of action. That is to say, the older buildings of 20 years of life with brick and iron materials, the potential and development capacity of the inter -neighborhood in that area or neighborhood. Of course, it depends on the materials used in the building, which is more commonly used in the study city of brick and iron. According to the materials used in the building and the life of the building, the districts (2,3,4), dating back to 20 years, have the largest brick and iron building in Rasht and the neighborhoods (1,5) of the new neighborhood. And they are newly manufactured with steel structure materials. Therefore, areas (2,3,4), given that it is used as brick and iron, has the potential to develop intermediate development. • Quality of buildings The quality status of the study area is measured in the form of 4 spectrum (renovation, medium, old and destructive) according to the research goals. Based on spatial distribution of buildings quality,District 2 of Rasht has the lowest and destructive area, and the neighborhoods of Rasht are among the old neighborhoods of the city and form the main core of the city. Areas (5, 3,4) in Rasht also have a renovation building. Accordingly, the greater the area of destructive and restoration, the higher the capacity and potential of the city for the development of the middle. District (1) Rasht is a renovation and without destruction. Finally, it can be stated that the neighborhoods (3,4,5, 2) have the largest area of destructive and restoration, so they have the highest potential for intermediate development. •population density Population density is one of the indicators in the field of developmental development. The population density status of the study area is measured in the form of 4 spectrum (density below 50, density of 51-21, density of 150-101 and density above 150).High population density belongs to part of District 2, high density (4, 3, 2), which is the logic of 3 suburbs and informal, mostly due to the relatively high migration of villagers and other provincial cities, especially East Azerbaijan (Hashtrood). And Ardebil (Khalkhal) has been in this part of the city in recent years. Areas (3, 1) have a moderate population density and eventually the 5th district of Rasht has the lowest density. Given the population density index, which is one of the intermediate development potential in Rasht city, the lower the population density of the city, the capacity, potential and capacity to develop between greater and population attraction. So the concept of population density indicates the relationship between the number of people and their occupation space. Population scattering plays an important role in implementing urban development plan, and areas with low population density are more prioritized than elsewhere.

Although the city and urbanization are not a new phenomenon in human history, the "urbanization of societies" (in the sense of the majority of the population living in cities) is a new trend and a product of the widespread redistribution of the population in favor of urban settlements after the industrial revolution. (Azeimi, 2013: 22). Therefore, physical expansion and increase in density and accumulation within cities will be inevitable (Ziari et al., 2013: 256). This expansion, due to the increase in population, out- and intra-urban migrations, has often occurred in the lands around the cities, which has caused the destruction of agricultural lands, environmental damage, and the uneven and scattered growth of cities (Mohammadi et al., 2012: 176). One of the main axes of urban planning is land use planning. In other words, due to the increase in population, the establishment of municipal services, and the attraction of the population of the cities and villages of the province, Rasht city has undergone extensive physical-spatial transformations in the past decades, which has caused the uneven expansion of the city and the emergence of the phenomenon of dispersion in the city. This shows the necessity of using all the existing powers and capacities of the city. For this purpose, it is necessary to achieve the sustainable growth and development of the city instead of the excessive development and growth of the city horizontally in the surrounding spaces, by filling the existing tissues of the city, increasing the balanced density and changing the use of the old and polluting buildings. In order to implement this development, it is very important to choose suitable and desirable points for development, and identifying these points requires a correct understanding of the factors and components that are relevant and effective in the development of intermediate-level development (Khalili, 2016: 3). Therefore, the most important mission of the present research is to investigate and evaluate the inter-development in the lands of Rasht city, in order to improve the physical, social and economic identity and the fabric of the cities, to bring life back to these urban fabrics, social justice, social security, vitality and follow the people's satisfaction, etc., in order to prevent the excessive expansion of the city and remove the obstacles to sustainable development. In general, the current research was compiled in order to answer the following question: Which of the parts of Rasht city is more suitable for intermediate development?

The current research is classified as a descriptive-analytical research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of its nature. In this regard, after documentary and library studies, theoretical foundations were compiled, then the census statistics of 1390 and 1395 were used to identify intermediate development indicators. From among the total indicators effective in the development of the intermediate, 3 important and basic indicators (materials used, building quality and population distribution) that have the most impact on the development of the intermediate were selected. In order to show the distribution of data, GIS layers have been used at the level of the regions of Rasht according to the administrative-political divisions of the Ministry of Interior. In such a way that after recognizing the intermediate development indicators, information layers related to them have been produced using digital information and GIS database. In the continuation of the analysis process and in order to prioritize the 5 regions of Rasht city based on the Cooperas model in terms of intermediate development, the opinions of 15 experts and specialists in the urban planning profession were used for the initial evaluation of the studied indicators. It should be noted that the Shannon entropy model was used to weight the indicators.

The assessment of the urban land of Rasht shows that this city is due to the inappropriate and unbalanced distribution of urban land to different uses, with the deterioration of the fabric, lack of improvement and renovation of the fabric, the creation of empty and dilapidated spaces inside the fabric, lack of exploitation. Suitable and improvement of networks, scattered expansion of the city, inconsistency between neighboring uses, etc. have been faced. Therefore, with the studies carried out in the present research on the development of intermediate development in urban lands in different areas of Rasht city, it appears that region 3 has more favorable conditions for the development of intermediate development than other regions, and the major part of region 3 has a worn texture. More than 50% of it has vacant lands, which means that the vacant lands of this area can be reused by filling vacant or inefficient urban lands. Based on this, only identifying empty, barren lands or reusing lands with disproportionate use and filling the existing structure is not enough to face the problem of population overflow and respond to the demand for housing and services of this population, but it is necessary in addition to the capacities of Previously, he also acted in order to identify and implement other intermediate development capacities, such as the capacities that result from converting the upper spaces of shops into apartments, separating residential buildings, and redeveloping existing residential areas.

The city of Rasht is one of the important and developing cities of the country, in the past decades, with the increasing tendency to horizontal growth and challenging the ecology, sustainable urban and regional development has faced many problems. Directing urban development towards the periphery and destroying environmental resources - agriculture, problems such as disturbing the ecological balance, increasing service costs, not paying attention to the existing structures for improvement and renovation - which has disturbed the urban form and the proper functioning of the city in that area. - The increase of informal settlements - the attitude towards increasing the urban area by the city management, which results in an increase in the short-term income of the city management, will have side problems such as the lack of monitoring the growth and development of informal settlements.

Soil organic carbon has been the most important soil quality measurement factors and has intense relation with soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Organic matter and its components are important factors of soil aggregates constitution and stability and play significant role in its structure.So, this research has been done for achieving this purpose. This area is arounding saman _ one of the charmahalobakhtiari counties in distance 20_30 km northeast. In this study, from 127 point in 3 land uses of fruit garden, degraded range, and dry farming, soil sampling of surface depth 0_30 cm was done. The soil samples were analyzed chemically and physically. Also ,soil organic carbon supply , mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon were measured. For considering lands username type effect on soil characteristics and organic carbon physical distribution in case study area, variance analysis by SAS software and comparing averages by dancon method were done. Comparing soil characteristics in 3 land uses of garden, degraded range and dry farming showed that land uses changed on pH, lime and soil bulk density have not been affect significantly but have affected on total soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, EC, soil organic carbon supply, mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon. In garden land use, most total organic carbon rates, total nitrogen rate, soil organic carbon supply, mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon has been observed. Increasing MWD in garden land use is related to high rate of organic material in this soil.

Soil organic carbon has been the most important soil quality measurement factors and has intense relation with soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Organic matter and its components are important factors of soil aggregates constitution and stability and play significant role in its structure. So, this research has been done for achieving this purpose. This area is arounding saman _ one of the charmahalobakhtiari counties in distance 20_30 km northeast. In this study, from 127 point in 3 land uses of fruit garden, degraded range, and dry farming, soil sampling of surface depth 0_30 cm was done. The soil samples were analyzed chemically and physically. Also ,soil organic carbon supply, mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon were measured. For considering lands username type effect on soil characteristics and organic carbon physical distribution in case study area, variance analysis by SAS software and comparing averages by dancon method were done. Comparing soil characteristics in 3 land uses of garden, degraded range and dry farming showed that land uses changed on pH, lime and soil bulk density have not been affect significantly but have affected on total soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, EC, soil organic carbon supply, mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon. In garden land use, most total organic carbon rates, total nitrogen rate, soil organic carbon supply, mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon has been observed. Increasing MWD in garden land use is related to high rate of organic material in this soil.