فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 23، پاییز 1402)

Organizing and ordering the city and how it grows and transforms being fully aware of the various dimensions of its growth and development and controlling its future process requires detailed planning. In this regard, urban development plans have been prepared to better guide their process sustainably. They are considered the most fundamental means of shaping cities based on pre-planned order and plan. Conducting studies and preparing urban development plans are the beginning of improving the physical spatial condition of cities. The present study examines and analyzes urban development plans in Iran using the concepts of planning perspectives and explaining the inefficiency factors of these plans. This research falls under the category of fundamental-developmental research and descriptive-analytical methods. The research method includes library studies in which the basic concepts of planning theory related to development plans have been compiled and evaluated step by step by experts. Based on the obtained results, the criterion of participation and community orientation has an unfavourable situation compared to other criteria. In the staged evaluation of urban development plans, the stages of formulating goals and assessing the current situation have a better status than the stages of decision-making and implementation and evaluation after implementation. Based on this diagnosis, applying these criteria in all stages of preparation and implementation of projects is necessary. Preparing the current plans not only does not respond to many dimensions of the cities, but continuing them in this way and ignoring the basic concepts, has not solved any problems and may cause many problems due to not keeping up with the changes of time.

In recent decades, spatial and physical expansion along with population density at the city level and changes in the urban lifestyle have turned urban public spaces into a place to form daily urban life, different social, economic and local interactions and the emergence of inequalities. Urban spaces find meaning and meaning with their users' activities and behavioural patterns. Even though behavioural patterns follow users' culture, environmental factors' role in the correct use of urban spaces cannot be ignored. The current research also believes that the use of public spaces is affected by economic, social and contextual factors. The current research aims to investigate the factors affecting the consumption pattern of urban public spaces. The survey research method and research tool is a questionnaire and research platform of Tehran city. The statistical population of the population over 18 years of age in Tehran in 2015 and the sample size estimated using the cluster method and Cochran's formula is 384 people. Data analysis was done using Lisrel software. According to the investigations carried out and according to economic and social factors, five consumption patterns of urban public space, such as traditional and classic public space, commercial public space, entertainment and recreational public space, etc., consumer public space, a third type of public space It was distinguished and it was found that urban areas according to different economic and social levels tend to a certain pattern of urban space consumption. Also, the results obtained from Lisrel software about the influence of factors on the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces were found to be the most important factors influencing the pattern of economic factors with a coefficient of 0.54, social factors with a coefficient of 0.47 and contextual factors with a coefficient of 0.43. They are the use of public space.

Automobile-based travel is one of the most important factors in the air pollution of Iranian cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are without spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning as changes in the urban form to achieve low automobile-based travels. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan, is changed greenhouses gasses emission to a huge problem. The problem that will adjust by changes in spatial planning and urban forms. In this paper, influence of urban form in the automobile-based travels are assigned by Spatial statics methods. To achieve the aim of this paper is hypothesized urban forms measures –as land use mix- has the most influence in the automobile-based travels. The type of this paper is Applicable and the used methods are Analytical and regression. The results of the application of the Moran method shows that the criteria are in clustered pattern and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and using location-based regression methods such as geographical weight regression is very useful. The results of the geographical weight regression show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the minimum importance in the urban travel pattern and the criteria of mix land use and street density with the coefficient of 0.46 and 0.49 have the highest importance in the urban travels pattern. So, as a result, urban form criteria are more important in forming the urban travel patterns and it should be given more attention in urban management

Urban environment is a space where human needs are met and therefore it should be suitable for human life. Failure to pay attention to the social and physical dimensions of cities in sustainable development puts various development programs and projects at risk, because physical and social sustainability depends on justice in the physical distribution of services in an adequate manner. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to measure the sustainability capacity of Urmia city based on social and physical indicators and using quantitative models. According to its purpose, this research is an applied research and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. Information has been collected through library studies, available articles, field studies and census data of Iran Statistics Center in 2015. Thus, after studying and reviewing the documents and sources related to sustainable development, effective social and physical indicators from the perspective of sustainability were extracted and then according to the availability of GIS data, 12 indicators were selected from among the various influential factors to reach the research output. The weight of the indicators was calculated using the best-worst method in Gamez software, and finally, by multiplying the weights in the standardized indicators based on fuzzy functions, the sustainability capacity in Urmia city was measured. The results show that 8% of the city area is in the very low stability zone, 16% in the low stability zone, 4% in the medium stability zone, 36% in the high stability zone and 36% in the very high stability zone.

This research aims to investigate the changes in land use and landscape of Shahroud city from 2000 to 2021 and its forecast for 2031. Shahroud city, as the second population and economic center of Semnan province, has grown significantly in recent decades. The changes in the population of Shahroud city between 1956 and 2016 have shown this city's significant population and spatial growth in these 60 years. The physical expansion of the city has been accompanied by the dispersion of built-up elements such as roads, facilities, infrastructures, and buildings and the increase of distances between different places and the merge of nearby villages to the city boundaries and all of these processes change the land cover/use and landscape, whichultimately challenges the sustainable development of the region and the city. Therefore, this paper examines the past and future trends of land use and landscape changes in Shahroud using ecological metrics of landscape.In this research, it is intended to answer the following questions:- What has changed the land use pattern in Shahroud city based on the ecological metrics of landscape from 2000 to 2021?- How has the landscape of the studied area changed between 2000 and 2021?- How will be the pattern of land use and landscape of the studied area in 2031?

A descriptive-analytical approach characterizes the present research. The data was obtained through Landsat satellite images - images of ETM+ for 2000 and 2010 and OLI for 2021-. After corrections and pre-processing operations, these images were classified in ENVI5.3 software using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then, the produced maps were entered into the FRAHSTATS 4.2 software to measure landscape ecology metrics. The metrics used in this research are Number of Patches(NP), Class Area(CA), Percentage of landscape(PLAND), Means of Patch Size (MPS), Largest patch index (LPI), Shannon's Diversity Index(SHDI) and Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI).

The results of the research showed that in the period (2000 to 2031), the total area of rangelands was relatively stable; the area of the built environment increased by 2.48%, and croplands and orchards increased by 1.32% per year. The area of vacant lands has decreased by 1.03% annually, which shows that a large part of these vacant lands has been changed in favor of built (urban and rural) croplands and orchards. According to the PLAND index, which represents the share of each land use in the entire landscape, the largest area belongs to vacant lands. Although the share of this class has decreased from 66.5% in 2000 year to 55.49% in 2021, it is still the dominant land use in the landscape of Shahroud. At the beginning of the period, the share of the built environment was 13.04% of the total area, which reached 20.14% at the end of the period, and its rank was upgraded from third to second. The PLAND index of rangelands did not change significantly in this period, and its share in 2021 was about 6.68% of the total area. Even though the share of cropland and orchard class increased from 14.96 to 19.69 percent, its rank has degraded from second to third. Although, in the studied period, the metrics of Means Patch Size (MPS) and Largest Patch Index (LPI) for the rangeland, built environment, and agricultural and orchard lands have improved, the changes in the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI) show a tendency to interspersion of these land uses during the time. The highest amount of IJI belongs to vacant lands, followed by built-up lands; rangelands have the lowest amount. On the scale of the general landscape, the decrease in the metric of CONTAG and LPI and the increase in NP and SHDI indicate that the landscape of Shahroud has become more disintegrated and dispersed.

The most important points that can be obtained from the study of land use changes and the landscape of Shahroud city and its surroundings consist of the following:1- The physical expansion of Shahroud city has mainly occurred in a sprawl pattern. It has led to the increasing dominance of built environments in the landscape, which has played an important role in the disintegration of the landscape.2-Maintaining the area and share of rangelands is a positive point. However, this class's decreased integrity and increased fragmentation are considered negative points due to their effect on ecological unsustainability.3- The area of orchards and croplands increased, and consequently, its share in the landscape has increased. A positive assessment can be made about the non-decrease of the area of this land use despite the city's physical growth. However, whether the increase in its area has negative ecological consequences depends on factors such as water and soil resources management, preservation of natural vegetation and rangeland, etc., which are not discussed in this research.4- The vacant lands have been faced with a decrease in area and an increase in fragmentation due to the change of this land use to other uses, especially the built environment.Finally, if land use changes continue until 2031, the region's landscape will be more fragmented and dispersed. Therefore, it is necessary to control urban sprawl by applying strategies such as infill development and focusing on the management and protection of rangelands and agricultural lands so that this process changes the direction of ecological sustainability.

Due to the importance of the quality of life factor in the urban planning system, attention to the concept of intelligence and the expansion of its influence is brought up more and more, which has drawn the attention of many thinkers to the concept of a smart city, which results in the review and presentation of factors and indicators effective in the realization of a smart city. One of the effective factors is the emergence of startups. Therefore, the current research aims to present a smart city model using startups, which is mixed in terms of purpose, practicality and terms of data analysis. The statistical population in the qualitative phase was considered to include experts in the fields of urban planning and urban management, and 11 experts were selected using the sampling method. In the quantitative phase, the senior and middle managers of the municipalities of Tehran were selected as the statistical population and 350 people were selected as the statistical sample. To perform descriptive and inferential analyses, Spss and PLS Smart software were used. The research results led to a research model including nine comprehensive themes and twenty-one constructive themes. The analysis between these two variables with a significant number (17.809) and path coefficient (coefficient 0.945) showed that startups have a positive and relatively strong significant effect on the smart city. According to the research findings, it should be said that nowadays new organizational architectures, changing strategies and start-ups are used to realize the smart city. Because the smart city is managed based on data and the use of complex information technology systems to integrate services and urban infrastructure. The main axis of transformation and development in the smart city is information technology, startups and urban innovations in line with the implementation and realization of the smart city They have a special place.

Many researchers believe that in order to achieve urban security and better understand the areas related to security, its two conceptual and interpretive aspects, including the field of security philosophy, ontology and epistemology should be examined. Obviously, it is not possible to define a phenomenon such as urban security without understanding the concepts, because it must be seen to what extent the phenomenon is consistent with our feelings. In this area, issues such as why, what, value, purpose and the issue of security in the general sense and urban security in the specific sense should be addressed. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the dimensions and elements of research in the field of urban security. Many researchers divide the dimensions and elements of research into three general categories: philosophical elements, praxis and ethics. Undoubtedly, along with the requirements of using philosophical elements as well as ethics in the process of urban security studies, a special role should be considered for praxis and its place in these studies. At the praxis level, four elements of research are mentioned, including theory, methodology, methods and genre. Many believes that the failure to achieve acceptable results in the field of urban security studies depends on the lack of attention to the basic concepts of praxis and its subsets. A review of the literature and research background in this field indicates a deep research gap in the field of concept and methodology, so that no specific source explicitly mentions the field and position of praxis independently. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explain the position of praxis in urban security studies in order to provide a reasoned answer to these key questions: what is the meaning of praxis? What are its elements? And how its implementation and operational practices can be achieved in urban security studies.

Due to the nature of the research, the literature review method, including searching and evaluating the existing literature on the position of praxis in urban security studies has been used. In this regard, four main processes include reviewing the literature, combining and summarizing the existing literature, critical collection of resources in order to identify the existing knowledge gap by showing the limitations of theories and views; the formulation of areas for further research through organized critical review has also been emphasized. In the research process, various methods of literature review including argumentative, integrative, historical, methodological, systematic and theoretical review studied, but two methods of methodological and theoretical review used.

The elements and dimensions of research, including philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, each have important differences that affect in the research process of urban security studies. Different situations of axiology, ontology, epistemology and methodology produce different methods that ultimately lead to the production of knowledge about social phenomena. It can simply be said that the axiological or ontological position of each person, affects his epistemological position. In each of the dimensions and elements of the research praxis in the field of urban security studies, several spectrums can be identified. For example, the ontology of urban security research takes meaning of objectivism and subjectivism, or a combination of both, or in the field of methodology, the quantitative (positivist), qualitative (interpretivism), or both quantitative and qualitative methods (pragmatism). Researchers in the field of urban security studies need to pay special attention to the functional differences of each under the element of praxis.

According to each of the elements and dimensions of research in the field of urban security studies, while paying attention to the philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, it is possible to identify its most important subsets. In this regard, explaining the position of praxis and its constituent elements, including theory, methodology, method and genre or species, have a special place in urban security studies. Theory in urban security studies by providing a theoretical and conceptual framework of research provides a logical procedure and clear definitions of variables to provide a certain scope of research. In methodology, the urban researcher intends to provide a plan for combining theories and methods or an optimal combination of research elements in the field of urban security studies. Methods in the field of urban security studies are also a set of algorithms that the researcher uses during a research. These methods assist the researcher in selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and finding solutions. Genres are also classifications of different methods in terms of research approaches and strategies. For example, any approach to research in urban security studies depends specifically on the methods of data collection and analysis that must be carefully selected and implemented. Accordingly, the field of urban security studies, based on the idea of praxis requires the interaction of elements such as theory, methodology, method and genre and its connection with philosophical and ethics elements is inevitable.