The establishment of the Buwayhid dynasty in Baghdad in the fourth and fifth AH centuries paved the way for a process of military and religious conflicts due to the effect of the influence of military rivalries (Turks and Deylam) on religious conflicts (Shiites and Sunnis), consequently, the Ayarans became the operational arms of the military. This article is an attempt to describe the position of this group in the military and "religious" conflicts by examining the influence of political underlying factors on Ayaran's activities. Shi'ism has paved the way for three different periods of Ayyar activity. Accordingly, in the period 334-367 AH. The Ayarans were involved in the course of military and religious conflicts, but after a period of inactivity during the years 377 379 AH, the group regained power in 379-447. During this period this group gained relative independence from the above-mentioned conflicts, but instead organized looting independent of military and religious conflicts, confronted with military forces, and create a map in the Al-Buwayh government structure.

The society of Nāsir al-dīn Shāh Period experienced the most quarrels, riots and religious conflicts. Some of those religious conflicts were the continuation of previous traditions and some included new and disruptive ideas. In the present article with a descriptive-analytical method, attempt to answer this question that what was the religious structure of the Iranian society during Naser al-din Shah era and why did it lead to conflicts and group protests in the cities of Iran? The findings of the research indicate that the religious conflicts of the that period can be analyzed in three separate ways on the basis of historical and social contexts and processes; The ongoing conflict between the Heidaris and the Nematis in some Iranian cities, which were used by rulers and other power agents to achieve their goals, religious conflicts between Muslims and religious minorities such as Zoroastrian and Jews, who was influenced by the religious atmosphere of the society and the religious prejudices of the Shiites. These types of conflicts remained in the same local area. The government and local rulers took action to end them in order to prevent the continuation of those conflicts, but the third type of religious conflicts of the era had a different nature and it can be referred to as a religious protest that was formed against the official religion of Iran and the government. Although this protest started before the beginning of the Naser al-din shah reign and affected the intellectual and political atmosphere of some cities, it challenged the religious foundations of the society and the legitimacy of the Qajar rule. Therefore, it was suppressed by the persuasion of Shia’a scholars and the actions of the central government.

Looking for Shiite political revival in the Middle East, researchers believed the study of the Arabic development and expansion of democracy in the Middle East, developments in Bahrain, Syria, Yemen and diplomatic resolution of the Iranian nuclear issue are concerns of regional and international powers of the regional balance of power in favor of Iran and the subsequent religious conflicts in the Middle East has been followed. Based on this main question is that, what are sectarian tensions and religious conflicts in the Middle East? The hypothesis suggests that tension, religious conflict and sectarian war in the Middle East, regional and transregional powers to try and affiliated groups to disturb the balance of power in the region following developments mentioned. This study is organized in two parts; The first part focuses on explaining the events that led to Shiite political revival and changing the regional balance of power in favor of Iran. In the second part the reactions of Regional and international powers and their efforts to change regional balance of power against Iran Through religious and sectarian conflict.

The imprudence of Kharazmshahian in interacting with their neighbors and the Caliphate speeded the conquests of the Mongols, and paved the way for their invasion of Iran. However, the existing religious conflicts among Iranians were among the factors which led to stabilization of Mongol’s government in Iran. Half a century after the establishment of Mongol’s government in Iran, Hulaguwas given the mission to beseech troops to the west. Doubtlessly, many factors were at work in this historic event. If Iranians were united and if they had aligned themselves with the government, the conquest would have failed or it would have taken the Mongols more time to establish their government and stabilize it. Furthermore, religion played an influential role in unifying various groups of people, sincepolitical government and religion had always been simultaneously in powerin Iran, and political unity depended on religious unity. This article seeks to study the role of religious conflicts in Iran as an important driving force in beseeching Hulagu’s troops to Iran and continuing his government there. The determined objectives for Hulagu’s beseeching troops to the west indicate that the Mongols aimed at eradicating Muslim’s political and religious centers including Ismaili’s citadels, Abbasid Court and Egypt’s Mamluks. The downfall of the largest spiritual centers of Muslims and Mongol’s domination on Iran endangered all Islam. Only during this period, Muslims (both Shiite and Sunni) united to revive Islam. This unity continued by the time Islam became the state religion in Iran again. Having reached their goal, Muslims resumed their conflicts and religious fights over their superiority, despite the attempts made by Gazan to gain support of different sects of Islam and to reconcile them. Continuation of these religious conflicts after the downfall of Ilkhanate government prevented the establishment of a united, integrated and independent government in Iran. Consequently, local governments with various religious approaches began governing different parts of Iran.

Historical sources have spoken about the spread of religious conflicts during the rule of Buyid Dynasty in Baghdad. This is while many years before Buyid Dynasty dominated in that city, Sunni and Shiites resided in that city. The main problem in this study is that with the power of Buyid Dynasty in the form of a Shiite government, what changes have been created in the policies of this sovereignty and the management of affairs in Baghdad which have led to religious conflicts. A review of the sources indicates some factors among which the most important are: 1) Religious Fanaticism of Shiite and Sunni Muslims 2) The behaviors of community rulers, their weakness in management and their political power in this period 3) Economic motives 4) Role playing of the scholars and jurisprudents of Baghdad.

In the prevailing currents of sociology and political science, the primary emphasis has traditionally leaned towards the examination of institutions, elite actors, and foreign interventions as explanatory factors for ethnic and religious conflicts. However, cultural sociology and the sociology of culture have introduced an alternative perspective, providing an additional lens through which to understand this phenomenon. These branches of study underscore the significance of cultural factors and value systems, shedding light on their pivotal role in the genesis of such conflicts. However, investigating the causal relationship between the cultural and value systems of societies and their respective developments with ethnic-religious conflicts requires a precise standard to measure it.Value and attitude Data underwent both theoretical and statistical refinement. Furthermore, a comprehensive ten-year longitudinal study systematically examined the empirical relationship between the cultural index and ethnoreligious conflicts. The initial phase of this longitudinal investigation involved 81 countries, followed by an expanded sample of 93 countries in the second round. Finally, through the aggregation of the entire dataset, the relationship between the cultural index and ethnoreligious conflicts was thoroughly measured.The findings indicate the cohesion of the conflict index comprised of four foundational cultural factors—embeddedness, intolerance, masculinity, and the sense of being chosen.Results reveal that this conflict index has demonstrated the capacity to elucidate a substantial portion of activism rooted in ethnicity and religion, whether directed against the other or manifested in conflicts between the government and ethnic/religious groups. The regression analysis indicates that approximately 40 percent of the variations in country-level conflicts can be predicted by the cultural factors inherent in the conflict index.

Religious conflicts between Shiites and Sunnis in Iraq, dates back to centuries before the nineteenth century. During the period of Ottoman rule over Iraq and the rise to power of the Safavid dynasty in the eastern borders of this empire, disagreements entered a new phase, in addition to religious character, took on a political nature. In the nineteenth century, after the upgrade diplomatic relations on states, as well as their commitment to respect the rights of minorities, Shiites in Ottoman Iraq have more freedom in their activities. However, The competing Sunni and Shiite religious disagreements among the people remained, and at times led to military intervention by Governments to resolve the political crisis. Geopolitical and cultural-demographic characteristics of this part of the Ottoman Empire with common historical, religious and cultural unity of the country with Iran, Sunni Shia relations became more complicated more added to its political nature. Therefore, to better understand the nature and dimensions of religious conflicts in Iraq in the nineteenth century, in addition to religious and ideological aspects, the political context of this conflict are also considered. In this paper, the Shia-Sunni conflicts in the Atabat-i Aliyat in the nineteenth century and its impact on political relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire are studied.

The religious relations between Iran and Ottoman during various eras have been different. The main purpose of this research، based on the historical approach، is to identify the factors influencing the emergence of the conflicts between the two countries، and the effects of the contracts on abating tension between them. The results of this research show that، despite the conflicts occurring in the first decades of the Safavid dynasty’s rise to power، during the reign of Tahmasb، due to the Amasiyeh agreement the religious conflicts lessened and changed to amicable relations. As a result of the Zahab agreement between Shah Safi and Morad IV، the Ottomans put an end to their hostility toward Iran، and the religious factor، hitherto a major cause of the conflict between the two countries، lessened slightly. During the Afsharid era، after many years of fighting with Ottomans، Nader Shah concluded that there should be peace among the Muslims. Therefore، the “Najaf Religious Association” was established. The famous Shiite and Sunnite Ulama gathered in that big consulting chamber and partly agreed on some conflicting issues.

Africa’s 0 - 15 degrees of latitude North is one of the most Conflict regions in the world. Interfaith and religious Conflicts between followers of Islam and Christianity or between Religious groups with states are one of the types of conflicts in the region. The important point in examining conflicts, is pay attention to their roots. One aspect of this issue is the geopolitical analysis of these conflicts. The goal of this research is to explain the roots of interfaith and religious Conflicts in Africa’s 0 - 15 degrees of latitude North from a geopolitical point of view.

On the basis of purpose, the current study is considered to be a ‘Basic Research’. In terms of nature and method, is ‘descriptive’ and in terms of attitude, it is in the category of "descriptive-analytic" research. Gathering of data is done by documentary method and benefiting from a library resources. Data analysis method is qualitative.

Analysis of the roots of interfaith and religious Conflicts in Africa’s 0 - 15 degrees of latitude North and of the end of the Cold War (1991) shows that in this type of conflict, the mutual role of the elements of chr('39')politicschr('39'), chr('39')powerchr('39') and chr('39')geographychr('39') and the consequences of it are obvious and the conflicts are of a geopolitical nature.

Of the 29 countries of Africa’s 0 - 15 degrees of latitude North, 21 countries are involved in a variety of conflicts. In 7 countries, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Central African Republic, Nigeria and Ivory Coast, 10 cases of "Interfaith and religious Conflicts" have happened and is happening. A deeper look at the causes of the conflict represents a role of geopolitics in their occurrence. The study has achieved 9 geopolitical factors for interfaith and religious Conflicts which are generalizable to other conflicts of this type in other parts of the world.

Craftsmen in post-Islamic Iran history have had a close relationship with religion and its custodians. Among the factors close connection of guilds to religion and its custodians, proximity to the physical space of the mosque and market place, providing effective support to groups and the influential religious scholars in society. Proximity of craftsmen to religious circles in cities consistently emphasized the role of religion in the economic and cultural relations of the pioneers. In such a way that caused the queuing based on the factor of religion among the artisans living in various neighborhoods of cities and led neighborhood conflicts based on religious differences. This has had some dire consequences, especially in the field of economics, for craftsmen. This study is going to answer the question of what was the role of religious conflict in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen in the fourth and fifth centuries. The results of this study show that sectarian disputes in Baghdad due to the market fires, killing of skilled artisans, looting shops and craftsmen's property caused economic weakness of craftsmen. This research aims to analyse historical data through a descriptive-analytical method to indicate the role of religious conflicts in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen through the Fourth and Fifth centuries.