The theory of diffusion is one of the standard methods on the explanation of the quality of dissemination of innovations, expansion of ideas and thoughts in the area of culture. The present research is an attempt to respond to this question: Is it possible to disseminate the Islamic Revolution values and ideals through the window of Abrahamic Hajj into the world of Islam? If yes, how will be the rate and form of this dissemination? The researcher could achieve the following results in a precise and academic method. In this study, Hajj has been noticed as the route, channel and an instrument to disseminate the Islamic Revolution values, so the route of dissemination is the main topic of the study and other cases have been noticed due to their close relationships with the route of dissemination. Though this route is facing serious practical obstacles, there are potentials for the diffusion of Islamic Revolution values which are the very capacities of Hajj in different dimensions and levels, the most important of which include: epistemological capacities, potential information capacities, capacities to deepen the collective integrity of the Muslims, political, economic as well as cultural capacities. Of course in the route of dissemination, there are basic obstacles and challenges including epistemological, political, economic, cultural, and religious obstacles, as well as psychological war.

Human exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) is a public health concern which could occur in a number of ways. Wastewaters seem to play an important role in the dissemination of bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in our environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of three groups of ARB and their resistance genes in hospital and municipal wastewaters (MWs) as possible sources. A total of 66 samples were collected from raw MWs and hospital wastewaters (HWs) and final effluents of related wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Samples were analyzed for the detection of three groups of ARB including gentamicin (GM), chloramphenicol (CHL) and ceftazidime resistant bacteria and their ARGs (aac (3)‑1, cmlA1 and ctx‑m‑32, respectively). The mean concentration of GM, CHL and ceftazidime resistant bacteria in raw wastewater samples was 1.24 × 107, 3.29 × 107and 5.54 × 107 colony forming unit/100 ml, respectively. There is a variation in prevalence of different groups of ARB in MWs and HWs. All WWTPs decreased the concentration of ARB. However, high concentration of ARB was found in the final effluent of WWTPs. Similar to ARB, different groups of ARGs were found frequently in both MWs and HWs. All genes also detected with a relative high frequency in effluent samples of MWs WWTPs. Discharge of final effluent from conventional WWTPs is a potential route for dissemination of ARB and ARGs into the natural environment and poses a hazard to environmental and public health.

One of the major problems of earthquake disaster management in Iran is shortage of appropriate public education and information dissemination. Although, after every earthquake, various debates are raised by the authorities and the media concerning the incident and the need to be prepared to cope with it, in general, the society does not have enough information about this issue and the public awareness in this regard is meager. Considering the high probability of occurrence of an earthquake in Tehran metropolis, it is imperative to decide how to educate the general public to manage the crisis. This research has been conducted using Delphi method with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the components of providing awareness and information about an earthquake in Tehran. The audience and information dissemination routes have been identified and prioritized for the cause of awareness. Consensus among 43 experts in the relevant fields showed that six groups are the most important target audience for information dissemination, respectively: High school students, housewives, college students, working people, children and the elderly. To communicate messages, 10 information dissemination routes have been identified for each of these six groups. Finally, a prioritized list of audience and routes was obtained that could be considered by policymakers and executives of the relevant institutions to prepare citizens to cope with the crisis.

With increasing cyber network services that have real-time characteristics, ensuring the timely and accurate dissemination of information packets to its destination, has become a matter of interest and importance. Reducing vulnerability, persistence and impermeability in electronic management and control of network activity (military and civilian), avoiding the traffic and establishing safety in cyberspace, are of high interest in Passive Defense in the area of information technology. Information and Data packets routing in large networks, if not optimal, can lead to traffic, congestion and disability of all or part of the network services. Traffic and network congestion can be based on actual needs of users or by an attacker or malicious person, to disable all or part of the network. In this paper, we firstly consider the service quality and its criteria, and we try to introduce important routing algorithms in large networks and the Internet, special attention is also given in terms of routing parameters. Then by simulating them in network software (i. e. OPNET), we compare metric routing algorithms and introduce an optimal mix of work for traffic engineering and network service quality.

The term Leishmaniasis applies to a group of parasitic diseases caused by the genus Leishmania. Route of infection is one of the variables that have been reported to influence the immune responses as well as the disease outcome in experimental models of leishmaniasis. This research aims to study the effect of route of infection on the pathogenicity of Leishmania major in BALB/c mice.
Low (103 parasites/mouse) and high (106 parasites/mouse) doses of L. major was injected into footpad or ear dermis of BALB/c mice. Lesion diameter was determined throughout the study. Parasite load of draining lymph nodes and spleen were assessed at three intervals.
Footpad in comparison to ear route showed higher pathogenicity of L. major in BALB/c mice as assessed by lesion diameter, parasite load in the draining lymph node, and dissemination of the parasite to the spleen.
Our findings suggest that substantial differences between footpad and ear route need particular attention when we use experimental models for the study of Leishmania infections.

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was first identified in China in December 2019 and is rapidly spreading worldwide as a pandemic. Since COVID-19 causes mild to severe acute respiratory syndrome, most studies in this context have focused on pathogenesis primarily in the respiratory system. However, evidence shows that the central nervous system (CNS) may also be affected by COVID-19. Since COVID-19 is spreading, it is necessary to study its possible cognitive effects on COVID-19 patients and their recovery.

The articles used in this study were searched by keywords, such as cytokine storm and COVID-19, COVID-19 and executive dysfunction, cognitive disorder, and COVID-19, central nervous system (CNS) and COVID-19, coronavirus, neuroinvasion in Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The study evaluates all observational studies published between December 2019 and April 2021 in peer-reviewed journals, including cross-sectional, cohort, case-control studies, case reports, and case series. The search result was 106 articles, of which 73 articles related to COVID-19, the stages of infection by this virus, its effect on the nervous system and neurological symptoms, the cytokine storm caused by this infection, and the possible cognitive consequences caused by this virus in patients, has been reviewed. Other articles were not checked due to their limited relevance to the topic under discussion.

Studies showed that neurons may be directly affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, various studies indicated that systemic inflammation (so-called “cytokine storm”) is also responsible for brain damage induced by infection with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. 
In such a way that these patients showed elevated levels of interleukin (IL-), 6, 8, and 10 and of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in their blood. 

Various cognitive defects have been observed following an increased level of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, 8. Therefore, due to the increased level of these pro-inflammatory factors in the brains of these patients, cognitive deficits can be expected, which need further investigation.

The Study of Religious Instructions in Christion, Manichean and Buddhist Based on Some Sogdian Texts in ancient Iran Abstract: In the present study , the religious orders of the Christian, Manichaen and Buddhist religions will be reflected in the Sogdian Language. In this research it is shown that Sogdian language as one of the Iranian languages in Central Asia has been used to express the religious orders of some pre-Islamic religions. This language has a important place on the Silk Road for the dissemination of religious teachings, the trade route between China and the Western World, and through this language the teachings of the three religions of Buddhism, Christanity, Manichaeanism are well preserved and expanded. Sogdian Christian texts refer to the victorious propaganda campaigns of the Christians of Nestourius in Central Asia. Buddhist Sogdian texts are infact the translation of the surviving religious texts of Buddha in Sogdian language. Sogdian Manichaen texts which are important in terms of linguistics, include the sogdian translation of hymns and texts related to Manichaean religious book. Keyword: religious orders, Silk Road, Christianity, Buddhism , Manichaeanism, Sogdian language. The Study of Religious Instructions in Christion, Manichean and Buddhist Based on Some Sogdian Texts in ancient Iran Abstract: In the present study , the religious orders of the Christian, Manichaen and Buddhist religions will be reflected in the Sogdian Language. In this research it is shown that Sogdian language as one of the Iranian languages in Central Asia has been used to express the religious orders of some pre-Islamic religions. This language has a important place on the Silk Road for the dissemination of religious teachings, the trade route between China and the Western World, and through this language the teachings of the three religions of Buddhism, Christanity, Manichaeanism are well preserved and expanded. Sogdian Christian texts refer to the victorious propaganda campaigns of the Christians of Nestourius in Central Asia. Buddhist Sogdian texts are

Municipal wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms. Although a high fraction of photogenic microorganisms is removed during wastewater treatment processes, viruses are not efficiently removed by the processes and wastewater effluents may be a potential source for dissemination of viruses in the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of two important enteric viruses, adenoviruses and enteroviruses, in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants. In this study, 30 wastewater effluent samples were taken from two activated sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants. Investigation of the presence of adenoviruses was performed using a molecular method (PCR) and the concentration of enteroviruses was measured with the standard cell culture method. The concentration of bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms) was also determined by the multiple tube fermentation technique. Adenoviruses and enteroviruses were detected in 87% and 40% of effluent samples, respectively. The mean concentration of enteroviruses was 12 and 16 pfu/ml for wastewater treatment plant 1 and 2, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the concentration of bacterial indicators and viruses. The results of the study showed high viral contamination of effluent samples. The findings also showed that fecal coliforms are not the suitable indicator for viral contamination of wastewater effluent. Regarding to the viral contamination of effluent, discharge of wastewater effluents to the environment or agricultural reuse of wastewater may be a potential route for dissemination of viral infections in the community.

In this research, the effect of intranasal and subcutaneous BCG vaccination was compared on nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages and the load of parasite burden in liver and spleen of infected BALB/c mice. Twenty male 6-8 weeks old BALB/c mice were vaccinated with appropriate dose of BCG through intranasal and subcutaneous routs. They received autoclaved Leishmania major plus alum (ALM+alum) subcutaneously one month later. After 21 days mice were challenged with the injection of 105 Leishmania major in the hind footpad and lesion development evaluated weekly. Efficacy of BCG vaccine determined by delayed type hypersensitivity assay. The amount of nitric oxide production in supernatant of macrophage culture was determined by Gries method and the load of parasite in liver and spleen was measured by parasite burden assay at different time periods. Stimulatory effect of BCG on immune system observed in both group vaccinated according to delayed type hypersensitivity response. Three weeks after challenge, nitric oxide production increased in both BCG vaccinated groups. But afterwards, BCG vaccinated groups had a considerable level of variations in nitric oxide production that finally tend to disease overcome in both BCG vaccinated groups. According to results of parasite burden, we found that in spite of the activation of both intranasal and subcutaneous routes of BCG vaccination against leishmaniasis, the infected host failed to overcome disease. In addition there was no significant difference between intranasal and subcutaneous routes of immune stimulation outcome (p≤0.05). There was no difference between intranasal and subcutaneous routes of BCG vaccination on nitric oxide production, parasite burden and host resistance. To have a good comparison for these two routes of vaccination, more studies about the kind and population of activated T cells is necessary. However, mucosal route of vaccination has a permanent advantage and can help to the prevention of dissemination of dangerous disease like HIV through infected needles. Mucosal vaccines can replace easily with common vaccination procedure, after efficacy improvement.

This study investigates integrating and optimizing an intelligent rural management system leveraging advanced technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and social networks. Initially, it identifies and scrutinizes prevailing issues in rural development processes, emphasizing the role of rural cultural dissemination, with a specific focus on the impact of social networks. Subsequently, by incorporating fuzzy set theory and adopting an enhanced blockchain consensus algorithm—the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) algorithm— a comprehensive rural management system is established, combining fuzzy sets and blockchain. Lastly, an intelligent traffic management system is developed to address logistics and distribution challenges in rural revitalization, facilitating efficient interurban delivery. The system automatically invokes the Matlab dynamic link library and employs a hybrid genetic algorithm to plan delivery routes. This study presents key findings on implementing an intelligent rural management system incorporating fuzzy sets, blockchain, and IoT technology. The system notably enhances transparency and traceability in agricultural production and supply chain processes, optimizes logistics and distribution efficiency, and reduces operational costs through intelligent management techniques. Additionally, the integrated application significantly bolsters consumer trust in the quality and safety of agricultural products, leading to heightened overall user satisfaction.