CCH, resulting from multiple cerebrovascular diseases, has been considered the primary cause of cognitive impairment in recent years. In this process, oxidative stress plays a critical role and damages hippocampal neurons. Research has shown that Salvia verticillata has a significant antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity due to its polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Salvia verticillata on a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. A total of 24 rats were subjected to Salvia verticillata or vehicle orally from one week before 2VO surgery for 14 days. Cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by the bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (2VO, n = 12 and sham, n = 12). The cognition of rats was evaluated 1 week after surgery in the MWM. In the MWM test, 2VO rats showed longer escape latency time and swimming distance and spent a shorter time in the target quadrant (p < 0.05). Moreover, we observed that Salvia verticillata treatment significantly reduced escape latency time, shortened the swimming distance, and increased target quadrant time (p > 0.05). Our results indicated that Salvia verticillata treatment significantly improved cognitive deficits in cerebral ischemic rats, probably by reducing oxidative stress damage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract Zataria multiflora, Salvia verticillata, Froriepia subpinnata on Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.An experiment was conducted at the in vitro condition. The extracts were prepared by the maceration method.The antimicrobial activities were investigated using the micro broth dilution method and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and also their synergistic properties.Variables included extract types, different concentrations of extracts and bacterial strains.The minimum inhibitory concentration of Z. multiflora varied between 3.12 to 6.25 mg/mL; that of S. verticillata extract was between 12.3 and 25 mg/mL, and for the F. subpinnata was 12.5 to 25 mg/mL.The combined use of the extract of Z. multiflora and S. verticillata showed that there was an antagonistic effect between the two extracts in the case of P. carotovorum and synergic effect for P. aeruginosa.The results of the combined use of extracts of Z. multiflora and F. subpinnata and checkerboard dilution Modified(FIC) assay showed a synergic effect on P. carotovorum and antagonistic effect on P. aeruginosa.The combined use of the S. verticillata and F. subpinnata showed a synergic effect on both bacterial strains (0.54). A comparison of the results of inhibitory effects revealed that Z. multiflora extract had more potent antibacterial activity than S. verticillata and F. subpinnata. P. carotovorum was more sensitive than P. aeruginosa.FIC analysis showed that in the studied bacteria the combined application of S. verticillata and F. subpinnata extracts had better results than other combined extracts.

Salvia is one of the largest genera of  Lamiaceae family. Several species of this genus are perfumed and wealthy in essential oils. Some of them are used in industry, pharmacy and aromatherapy. They have shown different biological effects such as antibacterial and antioxidant activity. For the present study, Salvia verticillata L. was collected from Shahrestanak, Mazandaran, Iran. Hydrodistilled essential oil from the aerial parts of this plant was obtained with a Clevenger type  apparatus  and was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of the essential oil was investigated against HT-29 (colon adenocarcinoma), Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), T-47D (breast ductal carcinoma) and NIH-3T3 (Swiss mouse embryo fibroblast) cell lines by MTT test. 59 components were characterized from the oil with trans-caryophyllene (24.40%), β-phellandrene (9.08%), α-humulene (8.61%), bicyclogermacrene (6.32%), spathulenol (5.89%) and β-pinene (5.00%) as the major constituents. These compounds represented 97.67% of the essential oil and included monoterpenes (34.83%) and sesquiterpens (61.84%). The results of the cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the essential oil of S. verticillata showed higher cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cell line.

Salinity stress can affect the growth and composition of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Salvia is an important medicinal and economic plant in the world. Different species of Salvia are grown in Iran. In the present study, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with ten replications. The effects of different salinity concentrations including 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM sodium chloride on the performance of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in two sensitive and resistant species of salvia were investigated by JIP-test method. The results of this study showed that with increasing salinity concentration, the activity of oxygen evolving complex (Fv / Fo) decreased in both species, but this decrease was more in susceptible species (Salvia officinallis) than resistant species. Salinity also reduced electron transfer to electron acceptors (φPo, ψo and φEo), electron transfer to photosystem I (φRo), active reaction centers (RC/CS), and performance index for transfer of electrons from photosystem II to I (PI total) decreased with increasing salinity concentration. The results of this study also showed that the negative effects of salinity stress on these parameters in the susceptible species (Salvia officinalis) were more than the resistant species (Salvia verticillata).