This Article intends to explore the existing legal literature on marine scientific research، derived from resources of international law of the sea، in order to study the concept and framework therein to find out what consequences the Legal Regime of Marine Scientific Research has so far had on Marine Sciences since the adoption of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea and particularly part XIII of the said Convention. The significance of this task is that Part XIII of the UNCLOS clearly precludes other marine research activities from Marine Scientific Research and places them under different legal regimes. More or less identical qualities، tools and processes in most of these research activities led into difficulties in distinction one from another. Furthermore، the most significant outcome of this thesis is to determine the distinct legal effects upon which such concept and framework of marine research، particularly “marine scientific research”، would have on rights and obligations of (coastal and research) states. Parts XIII of UNCLOS provides for the co-operation among States، either directly or through competent international organizations، in the field of marine scientific research.

These days, many studies conducted in different fields of research. However, the principles of ethical researches, especially in humanity sciences, are not considered by researchers, while it should be taken into account in physic sciences. It is clear that in all scientific research, the research process must be taken into account by researchers. The scientific research is like a chain and all parts of them should be taken into consideration. Ethics in any scientific research is as umbrella, which cover all these process and help to improve the process. The role of research in improving the overall status of society is obvious, therefore, well respected conditions for research should be provided. Researchers are responsible in front of God, herself, university, research institute, colleagues, students and the scientific community in their research activities. In this context, knowledge about scientific principles that govern the research process must be performed in accordance with ethical principles of research. Understanding ethical obligations in research and possible misconduct at any stage of the research process is the first step in development of ethics in scientific research.

To develop and organize the current status of research on women and family towards a desirable condition، problems and deficiencies in this area are quantitatively studied and evaluated. To this end، in designing the present research titled «Thematic Content Analysis of Scientific Research Papers in ''the Field of Women and Family''» in scientific research journals approved by the Ministry of Sciences، Researches and Technology (Department of Human Sciences، 2000-2011)، all variants (the number of authors، the gender of authors، the thematic orientations of the papers، the frequency of papers in journals، publication year، the education level of the authors of the papers) were thoroughly investigated by establishing a data bank of 1990 scientific research papers from 133 journals. The methodology of the present study is a thematic content analysis of all papers in the field of women and family cited in scientific research journals that were approved by the Ministry of Sciences، Researches and Technology. This way، the thematic prioritization of studies in this area and their existing deficiencies were identified، and ground for the enhancement of studies ahead was set، and the prevention of repetition in future research studies was observed. As a result of this، these factors led to the offering of effective strategies in the field of women and family.

Marine Scientific Research is a research process through which human beings obtain knowledge of the environment and find ways of how to protect and preserve thereof. Based on the said definition، this article argues that marine scientific research is closely interrelated with marine environmental protection. From the international law of the sea perspective، evaluation and analysis of the interrelation between the two concepts within the international legal instruments، namely and most importantly، 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea possesses an outstanding significance. Implementation of a marine scientific research should، on the one hand، respects and complies with the relevant international rules and regulations، namely international environmental law، and on the other، the very marine scientific research is basically and primarily implemented with the aim to enhance the human knowledge on a more effective protection of the (marine) environment.

The involvement of medical students in scientific research has been advocated recently in medical education. With the voices calling for evidence-based practice, scientific research skills emerge as a critical factor in preparing future generations of physician-scientists. However, Africa is a developing continent with limited financial resources, economic problems, conflicts, and political instabilities that slow the developments in medical education. The involvement of medical students of Africa in scientific research has taken a new shape recently with the formulation of student interest groups, collaboration based on personal communications, and non-governmental research societies. The present review highlights the importance, challenges, and solutions to involve African medical students in scientific research.

One source of conflict between littoral states and developed countries in the framework of international law is the scientific research in maritime zones and in particular exclusive economic zone. The littoral states are well aware of the fact that they will not be able to utilize the resources of this zone unless they control the scientific research in these areas as well. Therefore, they were pro absolute-satisfaction regime while developed countries were supporting the freedom of shipping and scientific research in exclusive economic zone. This was extensively debated during negotiations for codification of 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Each of the parties was trying to have a role in writing the rules of this convention to meet their own interests. Therefore, this convention enshrined special rules for scientific research in maritime zones, including the exclusive economic zone. This article reviews those rules and principles and the course of its evolution.

The purpose of this study is to explore the scientific collaborations between Iran and its neighbor countries from 1990 to 2007, describing the need and importance of collaboration in scientific research. Scientific research collaboration as an important component of the research process is an essential factor in the development of science and research, especially in developing countries. This study analyzes 'co-authorship' as the most common indicator for assessing scientific collaborations. For this study, papers co-authored and published by researchers affiliated with institutions from Iran and its neighbor countries are considered. ISI Web of Science was the main source of data collection. The findings show that Iran has the highest number of co-authorships with Russia, Turkey, and Pakistan, respectively, in physics, chemistry, and biology. Although, common language and culture may have significant impact on scientific collaborations, they are not the only factor. This study shows that political relations between countries may be have a direct impact on scientific collaborations. It is also shown that there is a significant correlation between scientific research productivity of a country and its scientific collaborations with other countries.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the role and importance of ethical standards in scientific research. In recent decades, science has been linked with economy which causes some concerns for scientists. Because based on this linkage, scientific research is governed by economic interests. In reaction to this concerns, scientific associations and universities advocate examination and teaching ethical issues and seek to enter ethical lessens in courses and research training.Most scholars like to explore truths and influence reformation and improvement human conditions and protection of natural environment. However, some scholars may seek to gain economic interests and social status. Therefore, some factors may interfere in their research results and applications and caused them invalid. Those researches that use funds of government or privacy sector may face with the financial and institutional pressures to produce certain results, and this may lead to be ignored the research integrity and caused error and bias in the research. This research uses documentary method as one of the conventional method in scientific research. Based on the aim of the study, texts and perspectives were examined, and then collected data and information were analyzed. Doing scientific research needs fund. This sometimes faces researchers with financial and institutional pressures to produce certain results. These pressures may lead to error and bias and ignore the ethical standards in the scientific research. So, each scientific discipline should provide a set of ethical rules to prevent such as problems.

The astonishing achievements of scientific research method have radically changed human''s life-world in a relatively short period of time. Troubles of traditional way of life and their solutions were substituted by emerging issues which were not even mentioned in the previous discourse of our ancestors about the relationship between human and the world. Scientific research method entered the scene for responding material and spiritual troubles of human being. As the best method for understanding new problems and recognizing their solutions، scientific method discredited traditional methods of knowledge and substituted them. But after a while، the achievements of scientific research method made troubles for it. An increasing number of scientists concluded that scientific research method has two basic shortages: 1) it does not make distinctions between natural beings and human beings in terms of methodology; and 2) Narratives or social general rules of scientific method do not respond to increasing social groups and individualization of personal life in the contemporary complicated world. Thus it is essential to find another path that deals more deeply with human life''s individual and particular problems. These arguments، finally، culminated in applying qualitative research method in human and social phenomena. The ignoring of widespread application of qualitative research method in studying natural phenomena in order to reset it as a different research method created a controversial discourse over the relationship between quantitative and qualitative methods. The root of this discourse goes back to the issue of unity or multiplicity of scientific research method، on the one hand، and empirical or interpretive approaches towards social reality، on the other. The aim of this article is to show that both of these elements، namely radical duality of quantitative and qualitative research methods and duality of empirical and interpretive approaches، are wrong premises. Both of these approaches and methods have empirical base and rational superstructure so they are not radically different but they are used according to the content of research

The debate of commercialization of scientific research is all of arguments, theories and ideas written ‎in ‎defending or rejecting this contemporary phenomenon in management of science and technology. A review ‎of ‎this debate in Iran and the world shows that most scholars has assumed the space ‎of scientific research to ‎be ‎similar and homogeneous; allowing one general rule to all kind of ‎researches. In this paper, we show ‎their ‎presupposition is not correct. The space of scientific research is heterogeneous and the kinds of ‎scientific ‎researches can be drawn in a spectrum from fundamental to applied. The economic characteristics of ‎science ‎such as excludability, rivalry, indeterminacy and divisibility change by moving on this spectrum. We ‎formulate ‎one possible answer to the debate of commercialization of scientific researches, by ‎using the ‎achieved ‎comments, spectral look at science and changing economic characteristics.‎ The using method is ‎philosophical-theoretical analysis. The analyses in this paper show that ‎although the government should entrust ‎financing of a part of ‎scientific researches to the invisible hand of ‎market, it must intervene in the spectrum ‎of ‎fundamental and compensate for market failure.‎