In Iran law, civil liability and compensation for damages caused by psychological injuries have received less attention due to their intangibility. But, in English law, damages resulting from psychological injuries to primary and secondary victims are deemed to be claimable under certain conditions. In this article, in an analytical method and in comparison, with English law, we seek to find the answer to the question of what criteria for damages caused by mental injuries can be claimed. In English law with stress on an objective criterion, on primary victims, places more emphasis on "the existence of a rational relationship between psychological damage and the risk created" and in some cases "the predictability of the risk" and the existence of a "reasonable fear in the claimant" is also considered a condition. Criteria for "predictability", "intimacy", "proximity" and "suddenness" have also been suggested for secondary victims. In Iran jurisprudence and law, the main criterion for determining compensable damage is the mixed criterion means "the ability to predict the loss according to the specific situation of the injured party", which also emphasizes the "seriousness and continuity of the loss" and "the existence of a strong emotional relationship".

Psychiatric damage is any damage to the psyche of people that causes their illness. Sometimes the victim himself is not exposed to the accident, but as a result of the accident to another person, suffers from Psychiatric injury, which are called "secondary victims". Given that the scope of such victim is wide, more restrictions should be applied to compensate for the Psychiatric damage of such victims. Designing and identifying an appropriate and efficient rule in this subject requires examining various aspects of the subject and comparative study. A study of British jurisprudence reveals the richness of this legal system in the face of this challenge. Accordingly, the main question of this article is what are the criteria for claiming compensation for secondary victims in English and Iranian law? In England, special and mandatory conditions are set to limit the scope of these victims, while in Iranian law there are no special rules. In England, the victim must have a close emotional tie with the immediate victim and must be close in time and space to the accident and must observe the accident. In addition, his psychiatric damage must have resulted from a sudden shock and a horrific event. This study shows that the restrictive mechanisms of psychological compensation used in English law have some shortcomings, but can be useful in Iranian law to achieve foreseeability and directness of damages.

Civil liability for damage from nervous shock is one of the most challenging issues in the legal system due to the fear of self-physical harm or the observation of an accident and harm to close relatives. In legal systems, personal compensation resulting from physical damage to nervous shock has been almost recognaized. But compensation for a person who is only at the risk of physical damage and suffering from a nervous shock (Primary Victim) is place of reflection. Civil liability for people who witnessed an accident or injury to relatives and suffered from nervous shock (Secondary Victim) is not explicitly recognized. In the civil liability of English Law, Nervous Shock damages to Primary and  Secondary Victims offset by constraints and conditions, and is accepted in judicial precedent. In the Iranian legal system, the design of such claims is not common, and in addition to the law of Islamic punishment, adopted in 1392, which recognized the mental disorder as having arisen, there was no explicit law in the past. However, according to the principles governing compensation, including the principle of dismissal, and the article one of a Civil Liability law, compensation for the damage caused by the shock caused by the moral damage is acceptable. In other words, the findings of this article show that there is no difference in the need to compensate for the damage caused by nervous shock in Iranian and English law.

Sexual crimes have been among the crimes against chastity and morals, which have been criminalized by the legislator of the Islamic Penal Code, and according to that, appropriate punishments have been considered for the occurrence of this crime. Sexual crimes are one of the challenges in today's societies that must be examined from different aspects in order to obtain comprehensive and complete results. Victims of sexual crimes are part of vulnerable groups due to their special characteristics, and since committing sexual crimes plays a very important role in the family and society, these victims will endure severe consequences that make them need support in order not to become secondary victims. makes a special Prevention methods by judicial authorities, including bailiffs, are comprehensive and comprehensive. Therefore, in this article, let's examine the characteristics of legislation and the role of judicial procedure in reforming criminal prevention methods in sexual crimes and evaluate the issues related to it.

Women's victimization and violence against them is one of the problems of the world today, which has gradually attracted the attention of governments as well as women's rights activists. Meanwhile, the role and position of women's NGOs in empowering women victims and prevention of secondary victims, has become a powerful tool in combating violence and developing the criminal justice process and has emerged as one example of participatory criminal policy. In the criminal proceedings of Iran, with the enactment of Article 66, it is possible for women activists to declare a crime and participate in the proceedings. Although this article is objectionable in some ways, it shows a clear vision for the future of the participation of these organizations. In Afghanistan, especially in recent decades, women's civic organizations have been established as start-up projects. Although the activities of these organizations face a legal vacuum during the proceedings, they have been able to provide significant services to the Afghan women's community in the field of preventive action.

Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate some psychometric characteristics of Secondary Trauma Questionnaire (STQ) in the wives of warfare victims.
Methods Children of warfare victims living in Yazd, Esfahan, Shiraz, and Ahvaz and studying at Shahed and Isargar Schools of present in these cities in 2011-12 academic year were the target population for this study. Of this population, 379 subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. Secondary Trauma Questionnaire (STQ), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), Mississippi PTSD Scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) were used to collect the data. Confirmation factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and independent samples t-test were used to analyze the data.
Results Findings of confirmation factor analysis revealed that STQ, similar to the one approved by the developers of this scale had a one-factor structure in Iranian samples. Face validity of STQ using item impact method and content validity of this scale using Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were confirmed. There were significantly high correlations among the STQ scores of participants and STSS, PTSD Scale, and DASS that approved the convergent validity of the scale (PConclusion The Farsi version of secondary trauma scale was valid and reliable for the wives of Iranian warfare victims.

Consequences of war traumatic events are not limited to the victim but often affect significant others in the victim’s environment that named secondary trauma. The purpose of the present study was to investigate some standardization characteristics of the Secondary Trauma Questionnaire (STQ) in Iranian warfare victims’ children.
Among the warfare victims’ children living in Yazd, Esfahan, Shiraz, and Ahvaz studying at Shahed and Isargar Schools, 641 subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. They afterwards answered the Secondary Trauma Questionnaire (STQ), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), Mississippi PTSD Scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). Finally, the gathered data were analyzed by confirmation factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and independent samples t-test.
The findings revealed that the Farsi version of STQ, similar to the one approved by the developers of this scale, has a one factor structure in Iranian samples. Face and content validity of the STQ were confirmed. It can be said that the STQ has a significant convergent validity with STSS, PTSD, and DASS scales. Investigations on the discriminant validity show that the STQ was able to discriminate the group of subjects with high mental health from those with low mental health. Test-retest reliability and Cronbach alpha of the STQ were 0.78 and .88 respectively.
Regarding the results, it can be concluded that the Farsi version of STQ has a favorable validity and reliability in a sample of Iranian warfare victims’ children and could be used to measure secondary trauma symptoms.

Increasing the rate of hate crimes can be considered as one of the most important and challenging topics in the field of criminology today. The crime of hatred has components that pay attention to these components, the development of a supportive victimization approach, "prevention of victimization" and "controlling the fall of the victim's mental health and measures in the post-morale cycles". It's necessary.The recent strategy is based on the fact that the obvious clinical signs in a victim of violence are from the moment of the victim to the beginning of the second cycle of psychological trauma. At the same time_ that these situations affect the victim, criminal proceedings are in initiated against the offender. «Having a" post-traumatic stress disorder "can lead to the secondary victimization of the victim of the crime and slow down the transition to the the post-victimization cycle and does not measure the recovery of his mental health.The present article, after briefly describing the concept of a crime arising from hatred, presents the process of development and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder on the body and mind of victims of violent crimes, which, in view of those injuries, distort criminal justice. And reproduces the victim.

This study was to evaluate the vicarious or secondary post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Sardasht chemical warfare victim's wives. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 306 persons were analyzed in two case (150 wives of Sardasht chemical warfare victims) and control (156 wives of Sardasht normal families) groups. A 39-query Mississippi questionnaire was filled for each person in order to evaluate the severity of PTSD. The total Mississippi degree was 128.68±12.67 in chemical warfare victim's wives and 111.27±21.21 in control group. The prevalence and severity of PTSD in chemical warfare victim's wives were sensibly more than the control group. The total Mississippi score in chemical victims (case group's husbands) was higher than normal people (control group's husbands). According to high prevalence and severity of this disorder in chemical warfare victim's wives, it is necessary to follow up and treat the involved cases.

The general public, and especially patients, are regular customers in the field of medicine and treatment; Operators and practitioners in this field, including the medical community and traders in various pharmaceutical items and medical devices, like other people, may commit high-risk behaviors that can injure many individuals and legal entities. The primary and secondary victimology also intends to identify the victims in this field, by providing solutions to provide assistance platforms and improve their situation; It is clear that any action depends on identifying the various spectrums of victims and the types of injuries inflicted on them. The mission of the present study has been to identify the victims of drug trafficking and to explain the support gaps for them. As a result of this descriptive study, it can be said that although many people consider drug trafficking and smuggling of any kind of goods as crimes without a victim, but the government, economy, drug manufacturers, consumers and activists and those in charge of combating drug trafficking They are among the most important victims in this field.