According to trans-theoretical model (TTM), people are in different stages of smoking cessation behavior and their readiness for behavioral change is different. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of nicotine dependency, smoking temptation, decisional balance, and quit readiness among cigarette smokers. In a cross-sectional design, 337 cigarette smokers in Isfahan, Iran were recruited through convenience sampling method in 2012. Data were collected using a short form questionnaire of stages of change, as well as decisional balance, DiClemente et al and Velicer et al smoking temptation, Fagerstrum nicotine dependency and demographic questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U, Chi-Square and Spearman Correlation Coefficients in SPSS 15 Software. Although, in moving from precontemplation to preparation stage, nicotine dependency decreased, it was not significant. Also, in moving from precontemplation to preparation, temptation increased, but it was not significant. In moving from precontemplation to preparation, perceived benefits of smoking decreased significantly. Moreover, mean score of perceived barriers resulted from cigarette smoking was significantly lower in subjects who were in precontemplation stage rather than those who were in two other stages. It is necessary to implement interventions to move people toward preparation stage and apply supportive actions to move prepared individuals toward the practical stages of quitting smoking.

Temptation is one of the constructs of a trans theoretical model that may cause failure in smoking cessation. The aim of the current study was to investigate temptation situations and its relationships with stages of change among smokers. Secondary analsis was conducted on three separate studies and 1108 subjects who were selected based on convenient sampling method. Data were compiled using velicer et al. smoking temptation situations as well as Prochaska et al. stages of change questionnaires. Gatherd data were analyzed by descriptive statistics، Kruskall Wallis and Mann-whietny tests using SPSS software version 15. Mean score of temptation in smokers was 3. 34±0. 77 out of 5. Mean and SD were 3. 56±0. 92، 3. 70±0. 99 and 2. 67±0. 96 for positive social situations، negative affective، and craving، respectively. There was significant relationship between temptation and stages of change so that mean score of temptation in the subjects at contemplation and prepation stages was significantly higher than those of being in action and maintenace stages. There were significant relationships between initiation age of smoking and temptation scores. Smokers who initiated smoking under 20 years old had higher temptation score compared to the subjects started at ≥20 years of age. The results of the current study indicated that the smokers tempted more in negative affective situations. The rate of temptation was higher in contemplation and preparation stages comparing to other stages. Temptation was influenced by the earlier age smoking initiation.

Smoking and drug abuse are among the most important causes of mortality in both developing and developed countries. The aim of this study was to survey of eleventh grade student’s attitude, based on health belief model (HBM), toward smoking and its complications in Zahedan, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, we selected 380 students through multi stage clustered sampling. Data gathering was performed by using a valid and reliable researcher- made questionnaire designed on the basis of HBM. The mean age of the subjects is 15.9 ± 7. The subjects experienced smoking at least once are 23.2% and regular smokers are 2.1% of them. The results of health belief constructs are perceived susceptibility­ (74.8%), perceived severity­ (68.2%), perceived barriers­ (42.1%) and perceived benefits (72.1%). About cues to action construct, 61(16.1%) have at least one smoker in their family and 260(68.4%) mention that they have studied about smoking and it's disadvantages. The majority of them had high self- efficacy related to smoking temptation situations and its avoidance. The results show that most of the students have a favorite attitude toward smoking and its complication, based on health belief model. Hence, it is a necessity to maintain and reinforce this condition to prevent from smoking.

The transtheoretical model (TTM) is used as a framework to implement smoking cessation programs. This model has some subscales based on which the smoking temptation scale is proposed as stages movement factor. This study aimed to translate and validate the temptation subscales of the TTM questionnaire in the Iranian population. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 387 smokers. The participants were selected using convenience sampling method. First, the smoking temptation scale designed by Velicer et al. was translated into Persian, and then, factorial validity of the hierarchical three-factor structure for this subscale was studied using factor analysis and measurement invariance (MI) methods. All analyses were performed using Mplus software. It was observed that the hierarchical three-factor structure model had a good fit to the data [confirmatory fit index (CFI) = 0.944, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.915, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.067, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.042]. This study showed that this factorial structure had an identical measurement and structural model in subgroups of the population such as rural and urban residence, highly educated and low educated, high income and low income, three stages of quitting, and across the three ethnicities. Given the validity and reliability of the hierarchical three-factor structure for smokingtemptation scale, this measure can be used in interventional programs for smoking cessation in the Iranian male population.

One of the patterns among teenagers is the consumption of all types of tobacco, especially cigarettes, which are widely and commonly available. Currently, smoking is the main cause of preventable deaths in the world and accounts for a significant part of social inequalities in health and mortality. So, applying the reliable measures for assessment this domain is crucial.  The purpose of this research is to investigate the validity and reliability of smoking temptation coping questionnaire (STCQ) among second-year high school boys and girls in Tehran.

The target population studied in this research consisted of male and female students in six districts of Tehran. First, six districts were selected among the schools in the districts of Tehran city by cluster sampling method. Considering Morgan's table, a sample size of 341 people was selected. Collecting the required information was done STCQ. Also, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, content validity, and correlation coefficient were analyzed by SPSS and LIRSEL softwares.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the indicators of the questionnaire were influenced by 2 underlying factors. These 2 factors were able to explain more than 52% of the variance of the total score of STCQ. Examining the convergent and discriminant validity of the construct also showed this scale has convergent and discriminant validity. The results showed that each factor was able to explain some percentage of the variance of the set of variables. Therefore, from the total of 13 indicators, they can be reduced to 1 conceptual factor. The examination of the convergent and discriminant validity of the construct also showed that this scale has convergent and discriminant validity. According to the experts, the content and form validity results were reported to be acceptable. In the end, concurrent validity was confirmed by using Pearson's correlation coefficient due to the significance of the correlation coefficients between the variables in the studied samples (p<0.05).

Persian version of smoking temptation coping questionnaire (STCQ) is a valid and reliable tool for assessment among both geners in adolescence.

Identifying factors which contribute to young adults’ temptation for substance use is a significant step toward prevention of this social harm. The current study aimed to examine the role of a set of personal and social factors and their interaction in shaping temptation for cigarette smoking and substance use among university students. Participants were 766 students at Shahid Beheshti University who responded to self-efficacy and time perspective measures, as well as questions concerning popularity among family and friends, temptation for smoking/substance use, and social pressure. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of temptation for substance use and smoking. In the first step, demographic variables, in the second step, self-efficacy, time perspective, social popularity, and social pressure, and in the third step the interaction of social pressure with the other predictors were entered. Religiosity, present hedonism, popularity among family, and social pressure predicted temptation for smoking cigarettes. Further, substance temptation was determined by parents’ marital status, religiosity, self-efficacy, social pressure, and the interaction of social pressure with either of the variables gender, perceived morality, self-efficacy, futurism, and present fatalism. As revealed by interactive effects, the effect of social pressure was stronger for men and individuals lower in either self-efficacy, perceived morality, futurism, or present fatalism. Despite the noticeable role of social pressure in shaping temptation for substance use, this effect was moderated by self-efficacy, perceived morality, and time perspective. Therefore, designing interventions targeting these moderators can reduce the harm caused by social pressure.

Smoking hookah habit among the young is rising and it is necessary to pay more attention to this problem. This study aimed to determine the attitude، subjective norms and perceived behavioral control of mail students about hookah smoking cessation in 2012.

This study was descriptive-analytical. After designing and assessing validity and reliability of questionnaires، 90 male hookah smoker students who were resident in the dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected by multistage sampling method. The students were asked to fill out questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using chi-square test and independent sample t-test.

The results showed that %58. 9 of subjects planned to quit. Although students believed that hookah smoking cessation can prevent many diseases، beliefs such as being non-addictive، reducing anxiety and fatigue، and being worry about break off relation with friends who smoke hookah were their major reason for continuing hookah smoking. Family and community expected students to quit hookah smoking. Students expressed that barriers such as not being able to say ''no'' against their friends’ offers، being difficult to overcome hookah smoking temptations as well as not to smoke hookah in the recreational and friendly environments، make it more difficult to stop.

The design of interventions for smoking hookah cessation among college students can be focused on eliminating positive attitudes about hookah and developing skills to say ''no''، relaxation and coping with smoking hookah temptations.

It is necessary to identify factors influencing smoking in order to design effective interventions to reduce this behavior. This study aimed to determine the predictive factors of smoking among adults of Arak city based on Transtheoretical model (TTM). This analytical- cross sectional study was carried out on 328 smokers 30 years of age and older in the city of Arak in 2014. Samples were selected randomly from family file numbers of Arak. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and questions related to Transtheoretical structure Model (stages of change, processes of change, temptation, Pros and Cons of smoking) and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Most of the subjects (52.7%) were in the precontemplation stage of smoking cessation. Linear regression revealed that variables of change stages (R2 = -0.46, p< 0.001), temptation (R2 = -0.18, p< 0.001), hazards of smoking (R2 = -0.12, p< 0.001), early age of smoking (R2 = -0.14, p< 0.006), dramatic relief process of change (R2 = -0.12, p< 0.015) and the number of friends who smoke (R2 = -0.12,p< 0.048) were the predictor of daily smoking rates. The model was able to predict 37% of smoking rate variance Most subjects were in the precontemplation stage of quitting smoking and according to predictive factors of smoking it is necessary to plan an effective educational program for quitting smoking.

Smoking is one of the important risk factors for many diseases and increases the premature death.Transtheoretical models is one of the behavioral models for behavior understanding specifically in addictive behaviors. This study was done to evaluate the application of transtheoretical model to determination of smoking behavior among smokers.
This descriptive - analytical study conducted on 450 male smokers in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2014. Data gathering instruments were Diclemente smoking stages of change, Velicer decisional balance and temptation, Prochaska processes of change measurements along Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependency.
Based on the stages of changes, 39.1%, 13.8%, 42.4%, 2.7% and 2% of subjects were in precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stage, respectively. There was a significant relationship between stages of change with all transtheoretical model variables and nicotine dependency (P Cons of smoking, self-reevaluation, self-liberation, and social liberation had the strongest predictors of smoking stages movement. Helping relationship had the lowest predictor of smoking stages movement.

According to transtheoretical model (TTM), Stage matched interventions are more effective in quitting. The objective of current study was to investigate the effect of individual counselling, line follow-up, and free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on smoking cessation in smokers who are in preparation stage of smoking. In a randomized clinical trial design, through sending the short message system, potential participants in preparation stage of smoking were recruited and divided into control (n = 60)and treatment (n = 50)groups. The treatment group received an in-person counselling, line follow-up, and free NRT. TTM variables trend; prosand cons of smoking, behavioural and experiential processes, temptation, were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up along with point prevalence and continuous abstinence. Continuous abstinence at 6-month follow-up were 3.3%(n = 2) in control group and 46%(n = 23) in the treatment group (x2 = 34.041, P< 0.001). Time× group analyses indicated that except cons of smoking(P> 0.05), all TTM constructs had significantly changed; temptation (F= 36.864, P< 0.001), pros (F = 12.172, P< 0.001), experiential processes (F = 3.377, P< 0.001),and behavioural processes(F = 11.131, P< 0.001). Interventions based on TTM variables increased the quite rate in prepared and motivated people. Our findings suggest that interventions through individual counselling along with free NRT and line follow-up in people who prepare for quitting are beneficial for our country.