Space maintenance in primary dentition in patients with early loss of several primary molars is a clinical challenge for pedodontists. In these cases, the conventional distal shoe appliance cannot be used and the efficacy of removable appliances is questionable. Thus, appliances with special designs providing increased patient acceptance and optimal efficacy are required in these cases.
Case Reports: In this article, we report the successful use of modified distal shoe appliance in a number of patients who suffered from a bilateral early loss of primary molars. In this design, a fixed bilateral appliance was fabricated and incorporated with a distal extension of a conventional distal shoe appliance. A removable appliance was replaced the modified distal shoe appliance as soon as the first permanent molars erupt.
The use of a modified distal shoe appliance seems to be a good choice for space maintenance in patients with bilateral loss of primary molars.

For the maintenance of urban green spaces in Iran, two main methods of surveillance consisting of the Holistic and the Meticulous methods have been employed. This study, for the first time in Iran, investigated the ideas of the contractors and the supervisors about the two methods. Initially, the opinions of 100 experts who were active in the green space maintenance of Mashhad (including 50 supervisors and 50 contractors) during 2015 were collected through designing a questionnaire, and the questionnaire was tested for its validity and reliability before being distributed among the supervisors and the contractors. The results showed that the supervisors and the contractors preferred the Meticulous method more than the Holistic method to optimize the green space maintenance of Mashhad. The Meticulous method can better than the Holistic method reveals the hidden aspects of the maintenance of the green spaces. This method reduces the staff requirements by the contractors and recognizes the problems of the green spaces more quickly. Also, the projects maintained by this method brings more economic benefits for the contractors and the supervisors and provides higher quality maintained green spaces. The supervisors and the contractors in this study had similar views on many of the eight dimensions of the maintenance of the green spaces, and only they had different opinions related to the indicators of increasing the agreement between the contractors and the supervisors, and better economic benefit for the two job titles.

Urban spaces are part of urban activities and a platform for social interactions and the formation of social capital And the success rate of urban spaces is proportional to the use of space and human presence in it.What we face in most urban spaces today is the reduction of social interactions and social participation of residents in these spaces.The purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the components of urban public space in order to achieve social interactions (Case study: District 12 of Tehran)The research method in this research is descriptive and analytical and SPSS software was used to analyze the data.This article answers the questions of whether it is possible to increase social interactions by designing a suitable urban public space?And can the presence of people be improved by increasing the security of public spaces?The results show that among the research indicators of space maintenance and care with 38%, vitality index, factors such as good accessibility with 32% and visual beauty with 17% have the highest weight.

Introduction Design through security (CPTED) approach is one of the most effective and efficient approaches in promoting urban security that can play a significant role in securing urban spaces.The purpose of this study is to describe the purpose of the applied research and the nature and methodology of the research in the field of descriptive-analytical research and empirical-survey method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between planning and planning of urban spaces and preventing the occurrence of index crimes in explaining the literature and background of the research subject and presenting an analytical model of library studies. . The statistical population consisted of all the citizens of the six suburbs of Urmia (Digaleh, Slaughterhouse, Islamabad, Haji Pirlo, Vakilabad, Chlouchapan) and the sample population was 250 different citizens.Data were analyzed by SPSS software using multivariate regression tests to detect the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The results indicated that there was a direct and significant relationship between independent and dependent variables of the research The more environmental design components (surveillance, territoriality, image and space maintenance, support activity, crime targeting) are strengthened among urban residents, the lower the crime rate in suburban areas.

Recent constructions and city developments have led to elimination of urban agricultural lands which have been replaced by residential and industrial towns in the new structure. Therefore, a green structure was added to the city structure in order to bring natural spirits to the urbanites; a widespread urban space which was considered the city’s lungs and was used only as a promenading space. Urban landscape design was influenced by costs rising and the economic crisis that led to the configuration of an idea for multi-functional business applications and eventually resulted in revision of green networks in urban structures and initiation of urban agricultural landscape. The productive green space in two main aspects, agricultural and garden preservation as new function of creating new productive spaces, has the capability to be consumed as a part of urbanites requirements. In this case, the consumed water and land resources are directly utilized by urbanites and the consuming green space becomes a productive one. Urban agricultural land revitalization and development within the hierarchy of private to public space can progress an integrated urban agricultural figure. Therefore, urban green space will be allocated to cultivation of a little amount of agricultural products. In this approach, the visual and conceptual urban agriculture is presented differently from different parks, community gardens and urban farms to residents. Agricultural landscape creates a new urban environment and a live landscape by affecting different layers of urban life such as environmental sustainability in producing and consuming process, and by improving public participation in management and preservation of urban green space, offering urban naturalism, providing a sense of place and affiliation in urban green space and by preservation and formation of cultural landscape. This space will connect the urbanites to the nature and result in social interactions, environmental educations, local market improvement, local consumption, employment opportunities and social leisure facilities. Hence, through the continuity of urban agriculture, green space is connected to the social, economic and environmental issues differently and the city embraces a life style that will reduce the loss of energy. Since the productive green space can be created in every city in every scale and its least benefit is the returning of green space maintenance costs, it can be considered as a policy for urban green spaces design and present a naturalistic landscape for the city.

Considering the expansion of Tehran, the multifaceted problems that the pillars of urban management are facing it. Tehran requires an urban management that requires a participatory and bottom-up development approach to achieve developing in this mega-city. Therefore, the study of participatory management is one of the cases that can help to improve green space of this city. One of the most important requirements of urban participation is the existence of a participatory culture that will happen through education. The present study conducted with the aim of necessity to achieve a participatory model of green space management in Tehran Municipality. The method of research was a combined nested method and implemented in three parts. The statistical population of this research consisted of two sections, for the quantitative part, 190 specialists and 150-trained citizens were selected. In qualitative part, 12 experts in green space and urban planning were selected to participate in this research process. Sampling method for quantitative parts stratified sampling with proportional assignment, while for qualitative part a purposeful sampling method used. In order to process information and analysing data, software (PLS-SEM) win3, SPSS win18 and visual paradigm Win 16.3 were used. The results of structural analysis of this study showed that participation in decision making has a significant relationship only with the green space maintenance component. The results also showed that stakeholders can play a role in the design and proper implementation of the participatory management process model following through citizenship training and green space improvement steps.

Some parts of orthodontic treatments, especially in the field of prevention-intervention are defined as general practitioner's responsibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate orthodontic treatments provided by general practitioners in Shiraz. In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, a 12-item questionnaire was sent to 115 general dentists selected through stratified random sampling. The questionnaire was designed for gathering the data about the demographic characteristics of the dentists and their orthodontic treatments. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and Chi-square test. More than half of the recipients reported that they have provided no orthodontic treatment. The most common malocclusions treated by the practitioners were crowding and spacing and space maintenance. A slightly more than 10% of the participants used Edgewise or Straight wire techniques for fixed treatments. The majority of the respondents reported that they received most of their orthodontic knowledge during undergraduate dental training and most of them evaluated the quality of orthodontic training as "Poor" during this course. Practitioners with fewer years of experience provided more orthodontic treatments than the others. Changes in the undergraduate educational system and workshop set ups can be considered as solutions to improve dentist's orthodontic skill and knowledge in preventive - interceptive orthodontics.

Mechanical trauma or developmental disorders can cause an eruptive problem mostly called dilaceration. The prognosis of a dilacerated tooth depends on early diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning. The case presented in this paper is an example of severe dilacerations of a maxillary central incisor which has been treated with early orthodontic intervention.

Space maintenance is an important process in the mixed dentition as a preventive measure for multiple malocclusion problems related to the loss of arch length. The awareness of parents and the satisfaction of children are two critical factors determining the efficacy of space maintainers. The aim of this study was to as-sess the level of parents’ awareness of space maintainers in their children’s oral cavity and the level of their children’s satisfaction with these appliances. In the present descriptive-analytical study, a questionnaire was completed by 200 elementary school children, aged 6-12 years old, and by their parents, which was consisted of four main categories: 1) demographic data, 2) parents’ occupation and educational level, 3) parents’ awareness of the uses and maintenance of space maintainers, 4) children’s satisfaction with space maintainers. Data collected from these questionnaires were analyzed in Stata 14 software. The significance level was set at P<0.05. The mean awareness score of the parents was 57%, with no significant relationship with their educational level or occupation (P=0.819). The mean score of the children's satisfaction was 74%; however, the satisfaction significantly decreased with age (P=0.05). There was a significant correlation between children's satisfaction and the type of space maintainer (P=0.0001). The level of awareness of parents about the usage, maintenance, and advantages of space maintainers was average, whereas the satisfaction of children with the usage, maintenance, and comfort of space maintainers was high.

Early loss of deciduous teeth can lead to space constraints and malocclusion. One of the preventive interventions is usage of space maintainers. This study aimed to examine the effect of an educational intervention on the level of awareness and attitude of parents about space maintainers in children.

This quasi-experimental interventional study was performed on 200 parents referring to the pediatric ward of Kerman faculty of dentistry. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire, capturing demographic information along with the section related to awareness (14 items) and attitude (10 items). For training the participants, an educational pamphlet was used. After three weeks, the questionnaire was re-completed by the parents. The data were analyzed by SPSS 26 through paired t-test, independent t-test, analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc test, and linear regression.

A total of 63.5% of fathers and 81% of mothers participating in this study aged between 25 and 40 years. The mean age of the children was 6.71 years with the standard deviation of ±1.06. The parents' awareness score increased by 4.96 units post-education compared to the pre-education, and the attitude score improved by 7.09 units. Higher levels of the father's education (P=0.01), better economic status (P=0.046), and better post-education awareness (P=0.0001) were among the significant factors affecting the attitude becoming more positive post-education.

The results of the present research indicated that educational intervention contributes to significant improvement in the awareness and attitude (P=0.0001). With increase in the level of awareness, the attitude also became more positive. The results also revealed that education had a greater impact on boosting the attitude compared to awareness.