Background and Ëstimation of prevalence for the three stages of smoking in male students of grade-10 in Shiraz, Ïran. This article is the first phse of a comprehnsive study related to adolescents smoking and predictors of transition in the stages.1132 male students of grade-10 were randomly selected from 20 high schools. Ëach student completed a self-administered questionnaire. The questions aimed to obtain information on smoking, self-esteem, and attitude toward smoking as well as demographic information. Respondent were classified into three stages of smoking (never smoker, experimenter and regular smoker). Ôverall 19.4 percent of students had smoked. 80.6%, 16.9%, and 2.5% were never smoker, experimenter and regular smoker, respectively. Âge, major, self-esteem and attitude toward smoking were significantly associated with smoking stages. Çonclusions: Smoking prevention should begin with adolesce even younger than age 12.

Adolescent smoking status were powerful predictors for adult smoking where the most people who started smoking at lower ages continueed to smoke later. The smoking process is complicated and is not limited to smokers and non-smokers, but includes patterns and different stages that need to be identified and evaluated . The main objectives of the current study is to identify stages of smoking in adolescents and to assess factors influencing the patterns of smoking in this population. Using the multistage random sampling, 56 high schools with a total of 205 classrooms were randomly selected. The total number of 4907 high school students in Tabriz, Iran participated in the current study and completed a self-administered questionnaire. Multilevel latent class analysis was used in smoking stage determination. Three stages of smoking were identified non-smokers, moderate, and heavy smokers with prevalence 71.3%, 22.4%, and 6.3%, respectively. In gender specific analysis, such figures were 82.6%, 14.5%, and 2.7% for girls and 77.3%, 15.6%, and 7% for boys, respectively. Age, the grade point average, living with parents, having smoking friends and family, risk taking behaviors, self-injury, attitude and positive thinking about smoking were significantly associated with smoking stages in students. The social-economic status did not have significant association with smoking stage. Using multilevel classification technique that consider the hierarchal construct of data, a more reliable stages of smoking was measured in male and female adolescents.

We investigated longitudinally the prevalence of smoking according to three stages of smoking (never smoking, experimenting the smoking, and regular smoking), the rates of transition from one stage to another one, and determinant predictors of transition through these stages of smoking.Of all 10th grade students in Tabriz, 1785 students were randomly selected and assessed twice, with a 12-month interval, with respect to the changes of stage. The predictor variables were measured when the students were in the 10th grade. Logistic regression and principal component analysis were used to analysis data at grade 11.Of 1785 students, 14.3% (CI 95%: 12.3-16.4) and 2.8% (CI 95%: 2.0-4.0) of the never smokers became experimenters and regular smokers, respectively and 16.5% (CI 95%: 12.4-21.7) of the experimenters became regular smokers. Among never smokers, participating in smoker groups (OR = 1.24), having smoker friends (OR = 1.85) and a positive attitude towards smoking (OR = 1.22) predicted experimentation; and participating in smokers groups (OR = 1.35) and a lower socioeconomic class (OR = 0.36) predicted regular smoking. Among experimenters, students having general high risk behaviors (OR = 2.56) and participating in smoker groups (OR = 2.58) were distinguished as those who progressed to regular smoking in follow-up.Programs aimed at smoking prevention and intervention should incorporate plans which focus on predictors of transition through smoking stages, and targeting participation in smoker groups.

Smoking is the most preventable cause of premature death in the world and its disadvantages impose heavy financial burden on the health system. Among the behavioral models of health education, the most applicable one in smoking cessation is Transtheoretical Model (TTM). This study aimed to detect the predictors of smoking cessation among hospital male personnel. The participants were 200 current and former smokers Personnel working at four hospitals. The instruments included decisional balance scale, self-efficacy scale, processes of change scale (behavioral and experiential), and stages of change which were completed by self-report. Descriptive statistics analysis showed that 66.5% of participants were located in the earlier stages of change. Bivariate spearman correlations showed that self-efficacy, processes of change and decisional balance were significantly correlated with the stage of change. Besides, ordinal regression revealed that experiential processes of change, self-efficacy and behavioral processes were the strongest predictors for the change stages of smoke cessation. The current study revealed that the readiness to quit smoking is significantly predicted by the mechanisms of self-efficacy and the process of change such as environment reevaluation, stimulus control and counter conditioning, which can lead to positive progress in the change stages of smoke cessation. The findings of this study showed that using TTM for smoking cessation would be very effective in improving readiness to quit smoking among hospitals personnel.

According to transtheoretical model (TTM), Stage matched interventions are more effective in quitting. The objective of current study was to investigate the effect of individual counselling, line follow-up, and free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on smoking cessation in smokers who are in preparation stage of smoking. In a randomized clinical trial design, through sending the short message system, potential participants in preparation stage of smoking were recruited and divided into control (n = 60)and treatment (n = 50)groups. The treatment group received an in-person counselling, line follow-up, and free NRT. TTM variables trend; prosand cons of smoking, behavioural and experiential processes, temptation, were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up along with point prevalence and continuous abstinence. Continuous abstinence at 6-month follow-up were 3.3%(n = 2) in control group and 46%(n = 23) in the treatment group (x2 = 34.041, P< 0.001). Time× group analyses indicated that except cons of smoking(P> 0.05), all TTM constructs had significantly changed; temptation (F= 36.864, P< 0.001), pros (F = 12.172, P< 0.001), experiential processes (F = 3.377, P< 0.001),and behavioural processes(F = 11.131, P< 0.001). Interventions based on TTM variables increased the quite rate in prepared and motivated people. Our findings suggest that interventions through individual counselling along with free NRT and line follow-up in people who prepare for quitting are beneficial for our country.

According to the stages of change model, individuals are in the different stages of smoking behavior. The aim of current study was to analyze the smoking behavior based on stages of change model among the students of six Iranian universities during 2009-2010 academic year. This is a descriptive study using convenient sample method (N=578). Data gathering instrument was the short form questionnaire based on stages of change model. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied using SPSS software. Subjects ages ranged between 18-49 years, with a mean age of 23.2 ± 2.3. Average age for beginning smoking was 18.4 ± 3.2; the duration of smoking was 4.4 ± 3.3 years and the mean number of cigarette smoking per day was 9.09 ± 7.4. 268 cases (46.4%) and 83(14.4%) announced half and more than half of their friends are current smoker, respectively. 321 people (55.5%) were in precontemplation, 109 people (18.9%) in contemplation, 99 people (17.1%) in preparation, 27 people (4.7%) in action and 22 people (3.8%) in maintenance stage. About three quarter of the subjects were in precontemplation and contemplation stage and according to their age situation and known effect of smoking on their health it is necessary to encourage them smoke cessation intervention based on the stages of change model constructs. Meanwhile, 17.8% were in preparation stage and it’s a good opportunity for smoking cessation programs.

It is necessary to identify factors influencing smoking in order to design effective interventions to reduce this behavior. This study aimed to determine the predictive factors of smoking among adults of Arak city based on Transtheoretical model (TTM). This analytical- cross sectional study was carried out on 328 smokers 30 years of age and older in the city of Arak in 2014. Samples were selected randomly from family file numbers of Arak. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and questions related to Transtheoretical structure Model (stages of change, processes of change, temptation, Pros and Cons of smoking) and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Most of the subjects (52.7%) were in the precontemplation stage of smoking cessation. Linear regression revealed that variables of change stages (R2 = -0.46, p< 0.001), temptation (R2 = -0.18, p< 0.001), hazards of smoking (R2 = -0.12, p< 0.001), early age of smoking (R2 = -0.14, p< 0.006), dramatic relief process of change (R2 = -0.12, p< 0.015) and the number of friends who smoke (R2 = -0.12,p< 0.048) were the predictor of daily smoking rates. The model was able to predict 37% of smoking rate variance Most subjects were in the precontemplation stage of quitting smoking and according to predictive factors of smoking it is necessary to plan an effective educational program for quitting smoking.

Cigarette smoking is one the causes of disease burden accounting for annual death of 4 million around the world. The aim of current study was categorizing ofstudents smoking based on transtheoretical model and analyzing relationships of variables studied among male Students in Isfahan Medical Sciences and Isfahan University in 2009-2010 Academic year. In this Cross-Sectional study convenience sampling method was used. Data gathering instrument was the short form questionnaire based on transtheoretical model. Data was analyzed by ANOVA test. 131 people (66.2%) were in precontemplation, 30 (15.2%) in contemplation, 26 (13.1%) in preparation, 8 people (4%) in action, and 3 (1.5%) in maintenance stages. Advancing across the stages from precontemplation to maintenance, self efficacy was increased and temptation decreased (p<0.05). Although, the pros of smoking increased through the stages, however, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The cons of smoking behavior significantly decreased through the stages from contemplation to maintenance (p<0.05). Meanwhile, during the moving through the stages, students used more behavioral and less cognitive process. Majority of the subjects was in precontemplation stage and it is necessary to apply interventions based on transtheoretical model constructs in order to encourage them to cease smoking. Increasing of self-efficacy and emphasizing on the cons of smoking causes to move in later stages and smoking cessation.

According to trans-theoretical model (TTM), people are in different stages of smoking cessation behavior and their readiness for behavioral change is different. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of nicotine dependency, smoking temptation, decisional balance, and quit readiness among cigarette smokers. In a cross-sectional design, 337 cigarette smokers in Isfahan, Iran were recruited through convenience sampling method in 2012. Data were collected using a short form questionnaire of stages of change, as well as decisional balance, DiClemente et al and Velicer et al smoking temptation, Fagerstrum nicotine dependency and demographic questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U, Chi-Square and Spearman Correlation Coefficients in SPSS 15 Software. Although, in moving from precontemplation to preparation stage, nicotine dependency decreased, it was not significant. Also, in moving from precontemplation to preparation, temptation increased, but it was not significant. In moving from precontemplation to preparation, perceived benefits of smoking decreased significantly. Moreover, mean score of perceived barriers resulted from cigarette smoking was significantly lower in subjects who were in precontemplation stage rather than those who were in two other stages. It is necessary to implement interventions to move people toward preparation stage and apply supportive actions to move prepared individuals toward the practical stages of quitting smoking.

Smoking is increasing among adolescents, and family is a factor influencing it. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between transition in smoking stages and parenting styles of parents of adolescents.

This was a longitudinal study in which 3968 high school students in Tabriz, Iran, were examined from November 2017 to June 2018. Sampling was multi-stage, with proportional and random clusters. A questionnaire containing demographic information and potential confounders were filled in by students, and the Parenting Style Inventory was completed by parents only in the first stage. Moreover, students twice (in the beginning of the study and six months later) completed a valid algorithm of stages of cigarette smoking. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

After the six-month interval, 429 students (11.7%) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (10.68 - 12.76) progressed through the stages of smoking. By controlling potential confounding variables, the father’s permissive parenting style compared to the authoritative style increases the odds of progress through the stages of smoking by almost five times (OR=5.06, 95% CI: 2.58 - 9.93), and the father’s authoritarian parenting style compared to the authoritative style increases the odds of progress through the stages of smoking by almost four times (OR=4.01, 95% CI: 2.17 - 7.40).

Inefficient parenting styles are an important risk factor for progress through the stages of cigarette smoking in adolescents. Desirable relationships between parents and children as well as parents’ awareness of parenting styles may prevent smoking in adolescents.