Spinal cord compression is a relatively common neurological complication in developing country. This study was designed to assess neuroprotective effect of acetyl L-carnitine.

16 adult Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250 to 300 g were divided into 4 randomized groups, namely, A-laminectomy with daily intraperitoneal injection of acetyl L-carnitine. B- laminectomy with daily intraperitoneal injection of saline. C- group A+ mechanical compression and D- group B+ mechanical compression. After 4 weeks, they were sacrificed for morphological study by light microscope and ultrastructure of synaptic zone of motoneurons was evaluated by electron microscope. The results were analyzed by Tukey’s and ANOVA by SPSS Ver 19. Furthermore, the significance level was P<0.05.

The morphological results indicated that compression causes reduction of spinal cord motoneurons. Acetyl L-carnitine decreased this reduction of motoneurons after spinal cord compression and preserved motoneurons ultrastructure in synaptic zone and mitochondria.

In this study, acetyl L-carnitine was effective on preservation of ultrastructure of motoneuron synapses after mechanical compression in spinal cord. Of course, the measure of these changes in means of decreasing the effect of mechanical compression after spinal cord compression needs further researches.

Evaluation of degenerative changes of motoneurons and their related synapses can be useful in understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential treatment. The present electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study investigates the axotomy-induced changes of adult spinal motoneurons up to 3 months following sciatic nerve transection. Following unilateral mid-thigh sciatic transection in adult rats, the synaptophysin expression and ultrastructure of synapses in ventral horn of related spinal cord segments were studied 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. In all groups the unaxotomized side of spinal cord was considered as control. The pattern of synaptophysin immunolabeling was classified into intact, partial, diffused, and negative types. In 1 week and 1 month groups, the intact pattern decreased and the other 3 patterns increased, whereas 3 months postoperatively the patterns changed vice versa, i.e. intact pattern increased and the other 3 decreased. Electron microscopic studies indicated consistent ultrastructural changes such as synaptic vesicle displacement, synaptic membrane irregularity and synaptic stripping, which were most prominent after 1 month and declined in 3 month group. The present data indicate that following axon injury in adult motoneurons, synapses undergo obvious changes in ultrastructure and synaptophysin distribution, which increase up to 1 month postoperatively, and if the cell survives the insult the changes will attenuate and return to normal conditions thereafter.

can clearly be seen that an anatomical and physiological pathways in auditory system from Peripheral parts to auditory cortex in binaural hearing than monaural hearing is not merely doubled, but with addition of a second ear, Communication between two ears from superior olive complex to auditory cortex is largely increased. In addition to the auditory pathway a numerous synapses with other sensory pathways, such as visual and somatic sensory established, that this interactions in comparison to monaural pathway significantly is further. The power and sensitivity of the auditory system increases with these synapses and reduce the error rate of it.Discussion & Increase a synapses between auditory, visual and somatic sensory pathways eventually lead to an increased ability to perception and speech processing in noise and reverberation situation, decrease of error in localization, Increase the loudness, perception and distinguish of weaker sounds, Better quality of sound, Less effort during the hearing and a greater sense of satisfaction. Because of these advantages, binaural prescription of hearing aid and other aided listening devices in hearing impaired patients are in priority.

Surface topography and ultrastructure of dried cysts of Artemia parthenogenetica (Vedaranyam population) and bisexual Artemia sp. (Kelambakkam population) were studied electron microscopically in order to identify the bisexual strain, inhabiting Covelong salterns, Kelambakkam, South India. The scope of this study is to provide substantial information for further characterization of these Artemia strains by the comparison of the cyst morphology and ultrastructure. A cyst of Artemia franciscana was used as a reference cyst for comparison. Scanning electron microscopic studies on cyst morphology revealed that the surface is smooth with no significant variation among the three Artemia strains studied. Transmission electron microscopic observations on the ultrastructure of the cyst both parthenogenetic and bisexual forms showed an apparent variation in thickness of the cortical layer. In Kelambakkam population of Artemia, the architecture of alveolar meshes is tightly arranged and is similar in shape. But they show minor variations in the arrangement of pores in the matrix and in the length of the cortical layer, compared to A. franciscana. In A. parthenogenetica, they are loosely arranged and are oval in shape. The present study clearly documents that the Artemia species, colonized in Kelambakkam saltpan is A. franciscana; thus, the variation in the cyst ultrastructure is much pronounced and a taxonomically important parameter for the genus Artemia.

The present research was done in order to, Identifying the Factors of Glass Ceiling Formation to Promote Women in Management Positions in Iran. The Strategy of this resaerch is Grounded Theory and The statistical population of this study was all specialists (108) with phd degree in northwest of the country. The participants were 21 professionals who were selected through purposeful sampling method to point of theoretical saturation. In this study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and the qualitative findings of the study were analysed by maxqda software. Accuracy criteria (credibility and fitness) were used to determine the reliability and validity of data collection method and the reliability of the findings was checked by interrater reliability method(reliability among coders = 0/875). The findings of the study indicates that more attention was paid to the social, cultural, organizational, personal, family and managerial factors and the glass ceiling consists of three layers with title individual layer, organizational layer and ultrastructure layer. Coding showed that: the why for glass ceiling is philosophical basice, intellectual parardigm, organizational factor and ultrastructure factor, the what for glass ceiling is manifestatin of individual, organizational and ultrastructure and the process of glass ceiling formation is the result of both organizational and ultrastructure factors mediated by individual agents.

 Auditory sensory epithelium of mammals has two types of mechanosensory cells including the inner hair cells (IHC) and outer hair cells (OHC). IHC in the mammalian inner ear is an important component for the sound perception. Information about the frequency, intensity, and timing of acoustic signals is transmitted rapidly and precisely via ribbon synapses of the IHCs to the type 1 spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Even in the absence of stimulation, these synapses drive spontaneous spiking into the afferent neuron. Evidence has shown that cochlear neuropathy leading to hearing loss may be a result of the damage to ribbon synapses

Here, we review how these synapses promote the rapid neurotransmitter release and sustained signal transmission. We also discuss the mechanisms involved in ribbon synapse reformation for hearing restoration.

Although cochlear ribbon synapses fail to regenerate spontaneously when injured, recent studies have provided evidence for cochlear synaptogenesis that will be relevant to regenerative methods for cochlear neural loss. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying synaptic reformation would be helpful in achieving reversal of sensorineural hearing loss.

The antifungal activities of chitosan with different molecular weights and concentrationsagainst Aspergillus niger were studied in vitro. The results showed that the antifungal activity of chitosan against Aspergillus niger is molecular weight and concentration dependent. The smaller the molecular weight, the stronger would be the antifungal activity. Chitosan with higher molecular weight and concentration has no antifungal but promotion activity towards Aspergillus niger. It is only the chitosan with proper molecular weight and concentration which possesses preferable antifungal activity towards Aspergillus niger. The effects of chitosan on Aspergillus niger and hyphal ultrastructure were examined to gain more information on its mode of action. The ultrastructure morphology investigated by transmission electron microscopy results indicated that chitosan acts on Aspergillus niger by inhibiting the growth of sporules. The fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled chitosan observation has elucidated the antifungal activity of chitosan to be caused mainly by inhibiting the DNA to RNA transcription. So the antifungal activity of chitosan towards Aspergillus niger was the combined effect of the above two observations. The study has provided sufficient scientific evidence for careful application of chitosan in food and medical industry.

Even today there is no effective drug therapy to prevent neuronal loss after brain stroke. In the present study we studied the effect of mitochondrial KATP channel regulators on neuronal ultrastructure after ischemia reperfusion in the rat. Rats temporarily subjected to four vessels occlusion for 15 minutes followed by 24 hours reperfusion with or without K-ATP channel regulators. Neuronal ultrastructure significantly improved in K-ATP channel opener (diazoxide) treated ischemia-reperfusion group compared with control group. Our results showed that dizoxide treatment after ischemia reperfusion leads to better preservation of cortical neurons in rat.

The increasing use of nanomaterials and nanoproducts has increased the possibility of contamination of the environment, which may have adverse effects on different organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles on histopathology and gill ultrastructure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under laboratory conditions. Zebrafish were exposed to four concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0.0015, 0.00375, 0.0075, and 0.015 mg/l) for a period of 4 days. Gill ultrastructure and histopathological changes were studied using scanning electron microscope and haematoxylin - eosin staining. Exposure to silver nanoparticles significantly (P < 0.001) increased the diameter of gill filaments and secondary lamellae, while silver nanoparticles significantly reduced the length of the secondary gills in zebrafish. Moreover, other changes such as vacuolization, dilated and clubbed tips, hyperplasia, edema, fusion, swelling of mucocytes, hypertrophy, and necrosis were observed. The effects of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish gills were dose dependent. Based on the adverse effects of AgNPs on zebrafish gills, silver nanoparticle solutions can be hazardous pollutants for the environment.

In brain ischemia, blood and oxygen supply decrease and after reperfusion, free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause severe damage. As hippocampal injury after ischemia-reperfusion causes some complications, in this study we analyzed the effect of adenosine receptor agonist (N6-cyclopentyladenosine or CPA) and ascorbic acid on ultrastructure of hippocampal CA1 neurons after ischemia-reperfusion.
35 male rats in 5 groups were used. Ischemia-reperfusion performed by occlusion of common carotids for 15 minutes. CPA and ascorbic acids were intraperitoneally injected for 7 days after ischemia, and 2 weeks before and for 7 days after ischemia, respectively. After 20 days, brain samples were isolated, prepared, and assayed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Findings: Ultrastructure assay of hippocampal CA1 neurons after ischemia-reperfusion with transmission electron microscopy showed recovery of intracellular organelles particularly mitochondria of treated groups. In combination therapy, these improvements were better.
Intraperitoneal injection of CPA and ascorbic acid after ischemia-reperfusion can reduce neural damage in CA1 region of hippocampus.