Due to identification of antifungal drugs side effects and development of antifungal drugs-resistant fungi, there are growing interest to replace antifungal drugs with the herbal remedies that have antifungal properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal effects of Althaea officinalis and Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extracts on the two species of saprophytic fungi including Penicillium spp and Aspergillus spp. Antifungal effects were assessed at four different concentrations including 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/ml. The results of the present study revealed that Althaea officinalis and Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extracts have antifungal effects against Penicillium spp in all applied concentrations. Althaea officinalis aqueous extract had antifungal effects against Aspergillus spp at the concentration of 25 and 50 mg/ml, however, Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extract had an inhibitory effect on Aspergillus spp at all concentrations. The results demonstrate ameliorative effects of these herbal remedies on Penicillium spp and Aspergillus spp Furthermore, these results indicate that the antifungal effect of Syzygium aromaticum is greater than Althaea officinalis.

The aim was to investigate the protective effect of the Syzygium aromaticum extract on damaged tissues and the oxidative stress after testicular torsion.
Rats were randomly divided into a control group subjected to a sham procedure and three treatment groups comprising testicular torsion followed by detorsion (TD), testicular torsion detorsion followed by the treatment with an extract of Syzygium aromaticum (TDSA) and treatment done by extract of Syzygium aromaticum alone. Testicular torsion was induced by 720 degrees of counterclockwise rotation of the left testis for 4h. After the duration of the induction of the torsion, detorsion was done. The animals were given daily oral administrations of just Syzygium aromaticum (4 mg/kg) for seven days. The measurement of the oxidative stress and testosterone levels, as well as assessments of histomorphometry were conducted seven days after detorsion.
The Johnsen score, along with the thickness of the epithelium and diameter of the seminiferous tubules, significantly increased in the testicular torsion group after receiving treatment with the extract of Syzygium aromaticum as compared to TD group. The levels of testosterone and glutathione peroxidase activity also increased significantly in the TDSA compared to TD group. The MDA levels decreased in TDSA compared to TD group.
The findings of the current study suggested that Syzygium aromaticum might have provided a protective effect against testicular torsion detorsion injury.

Biological synthesis of zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NPs) was prepared by a simple co-precipitation method using methanol plant extracts of Tridax procumbens, Phyllanthusniruri, and Syzygium aromaticum. The as-prepared ZnS NPs was examined by several physiochemical techniques such as X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR). The disk diffusion method was used to screen the antimicrobial activity of Pure and Plant extracts doped ZnS NPs against different gram positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungus culture. From this investigation synthesized ZnS NPs have a potential antimicrobial agent where showed a hot zone of inhibition (ZOI) at different concentration against all tested microorganisms. Biosynthesized ZnS NPs Photocatalytic degradation also evaluated for Methylene Blue Dye (MBD) and Methyl Orange Dye (MOD) degradation in aqueous solution under UV Light irradiation. Due to the smaller particles size, narrowing optical band gap and antimicrobial properties of synthesised ZnS NPs were improve the photocatalytic activity. Here we first time reported Syzygium aromaticum methanol extracts ZnS NPs exhibited excellent efficiency in Methylene Blue Dye (MBD) and Methyl Orange Dye (MOD) degradation with comparing other ZnS NPs.

The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activities of some medicinal plants extracts traditionally used in Iran. Hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from different parts of five plants including Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), Syzygium aromaticum L. (Clove)., Arctium lappa L. (Burdock) , Coriandrum sativum, Myrtus communis with traditional medicinal use were examined for their antibacterial activities against some gram-negative strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca and Shigella dysentriae. The disc diffusion method was applied to screen the antibacterial efficacy of the extracts. Gentamicin was used as control. This study showed that the extracts obtained from Syzygium aromaticum L., Arctium lappa L. and Myrtus communis had antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis. In addition, only the Myrtus communis extract had some inhibiting effect on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result of the current study revealed that some of the studied plants could be considered as potential source of antimicrobial agents and supports the traditional applications of a number of the tested plants as antibacterial reagents.

The current reliance on chemical vector control methods raises concerns about their long-term environmental impact. To address these concerns, we need to explore alternative vector control strategies that are environmentally friendly, effective, efficient, and safe for human health. One promising approach involves the use of plant essential oils. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of residual waste clove leaf oil (Syzygium aromaticum) as an exterminator of Anopheles sp. larvae This study used experimental methods carried out at the Entomology Laboratory of Donggala Health Research and Development Institute. It used third-instar Anopheles sp. larvae obtained from the field. The material used is clove leaf oil, which is a by-product of the distillation of clove leaves. The solution used to kill Anopheles sp. larvae uses five different concentrations, specifically 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, and 0.01%. This study shows the ability of waste clove leaf oil (Syzygium aromaticum) to eradicate Anopheles sp. larvae with lethal power LC50 at a concentration of 0.005%. The study found that the number of Anopheles sp. larvae that died varied significantly depending on the concentration of the solution. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Waste clove leaf oil (Syzygium aromaticum) can be used as an ingredient to eradicate Anopheles sp. larvae.

This research was aimed to study the effects of antifungal activity of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oil against three pathogens-Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani-isolated from tomato, cherries and potatoes by adding the fungus to their medium and also identify antifungal activity of the essential oil as a food preservative against the pathogen. Essential oil was extracted by Clevenger-type apparatus and identification and amount of the essential oil was performed using chromatography–mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography.The most important components of the essential oil were isoeugenol (87.09%), eugenol acetate (9.71%), Aromadendrene (0.68%), Chavicol (0.3%), and Linalool (12.51%), respectively. Isoeugenol has the highest percentage of growth inhibitory on B. cinerea, so that, on average, 97% of the growth of this fungus was prevented at the concentration of 200 µl/l. However, the growth inhibitory percentage at this concentration was calculated to be 87% and 94%, for A. alternata and F. solani, respectively. More than 95% and 100% of the growth of all three fungi was prevented at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µl/l of essential oil.The best essential oil concentration to prevent the growth of fungi on fruit tissue was 200µl/l for B. cinerea, and 1000 µl/l for two other fungi. Antifungal properties of S. aromaticum essential oil are due to phenolic compounds in it like eugenol. Our results clearly showed that S. aromaticum essential oil was effective against post-harvest diseases, and its antiseptic properties could be used in plant pathology.

This study involved analyzing antioxidant properties of spices, namely clove (Syzygium aromaticum Linn.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, syn C. zeylanicum Blume) and sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and exploring their efficacy in a food system. In the first part of the study, the antioxidant activity of water extract of spices treated at different temperatures were measured by three different methods namely, DPPH, reducing power and phosphomolybdenum complex assay and the results were compared to control unheated sample. In the second part, these three spices were incorporated in home-made sausages separately and stored for a month under refrigeration during which Free Fatty Acids (FFA) and Peroxide Value (PV) were measured every 10th day. The results were compared with control sample (without spices). Results showed that, extracts of heat treated spices had higher antioxidant activity in comparison with the control sample and sausages with added spices showed lower levels of FFA and PV in comparison with control samples. It can be concluded that spices possessed antioxidant properties and heat treatment had a positive effect on antioxidant activity and they were effective in delaying oxidation in sausages, hence they can be used as sources of natural antioxidants.

Application of most antibiotic growth promoters as feed additives has been banned in a lot of countries due to cross-resistance against pathogens and residues in tissues. Therefore, scientists are searching for alternatives to antibiotics nowadays. Medicinal plant extracts are one of the alternatives that have anti microbial and growth promoting effect on poultry. In this paper, the benefits of using of medicinal plants such as Garlic (Allium sativum L.), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Wild Mint (Mentha longifolia L.), Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees), Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood, Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry], Yucca Schidigera, Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), Common mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (J.E.Lange) Emil J. Imbach], Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed, Goldthread (Coptis chinensis Franch.), Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.), and Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb. ex Murray) on poultry production are discussed.

Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) is a medicinal plant usually used in traditional medicine to reduce toothache. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of topical Clove oil on acute and chronic pain in male mice using formalin test.
In this study, 24 mice were divided into 4 groups: control, morphine (as positive control), Clove oil, and Clove oil plus morphine groups. Before the formalin test, the animals were treated topically with clove oil for 6 hours. A single dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) was prescribed subcutaneously. Pain scores were obtained using the formalin test through an injection of 20 microliter of formalin 2.5% into the palm of the animal's right hand.
Topical administration of Clove oil significantly decreased acute pain (the initial phase of the formalin test) and chronic pain (the second phase of the formalin test). Furthermore, topical Clove oil increased the analgesic effect of morphine in acute pain phase.
This study showed that the analgesic effect of topical Clove oil was comparable to morphine.

Cancer leads to over seven million deaths each year. The current therapeutic approaches have failed to completely treat cancer, and it is essential to seek out new effective anticancer drugs. Because of nontoxic properties, relatively low cost, and phytochemical compounds, medicinal plant extracts have been evaluated for anticancer effects. The present study investigated antiproliferative, apoptosis-inducing, and total phenolic content of the flower bud extract of dried Syzygium aromaticum L. on human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Ethanolic extract of dried flower buds was prepared and total phenolic and flavonoid content determined. In vitro antiproliferative activity of the extract in Hela and normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was evaluated using MTT assay. To determine apoptosis induction, HeLa cells were incubated with one time IC50 concentrations of extract, stained with both annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide, and flowcytometrically analyzed. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was 225.6±4 mg GAE/g and 29.3±2.35 mg RUT/g, respectively. Antiproliferative activity results showed that cell viability significantly decreased in dose- and time-dependent manner after extract treatment (p