Terrorism and terrorist attacks is one of the biggest challenges in the 21st century. Each year، thousands of people around the world lose their lives due to terrorist attacks. Cities and metropolises are one of the foremost spaces to organize and carry out terrorist attacks. In fact، today the vast majority of terrorist attacks are happening in big cities so that terrorism can be considered a primarily urban phenomenon. Iran and its big cities are exposed to terrorist attacks due to the characteristics of the regional and the existence of terrorist groups in conflict with the Islamic Republic of Iran. There are a number of potentially vulnerable sites against terrorist attacks in Shiraz metropolis such as vital infrastructure، public places and centers of political power. In this paper have been used analytical descriptive method and documentary and inductive approach. In this paper، we first examine the locations of terrorist attacks in large cities in the world، and then have been analyzed the most important locations at risk of terrorist attacks (conventional and non-conventional) in nine municipality zones of Shiraz. The results of this study show that zones 1، 2 and 8 in Shiraz are most important and vulnerable zones against terrorist attacks، due to physical characteristics، population concentration and multiplicity of infrastructures.

Although terrorism is considered a political phenomenon in nature and having political goals is one of its inherent characteristics; But terrorist groups usually pursue a variety of political goals, and the places and locations of attacks by these terrorist groups depending on the type and nature of the political objective pursued is different. What is certain is that the distribution and concentration of terrorist attacks on a global, national, and local scale is not accidental, and Several features are influential in this distribution pattern. In Iran, both spatially and temporally, there have been periods of frequency and concentration of terrorist attacks that can be called the wave of terrorist attacks. In some periods, terrorist attacks and the activities of terrorist groups were concentrated in parts of the country and in other periods it was relocated to other parts of Iran has been transferred. In periods also, terrorist attacks have intensified in several regions of the country over a period of time; therefore, this research investigates the answers to the following questions: “What spatial pattern has the terrorist attacks in Iran followed”?  and “what is the difference between how to distribute the attacks of different terrorist groups and their methods”?

The method used in this research is quantitative and using data from reputable global databases on terrorist attacks in Iran. also, Spatial distribution maps based on location-based data have been used to better understand the issues.

The first long wave of terrorist attacks in Iran began immediately after the victory of the Islamic Revolution and will continue until the end of 1982. During this 4 year period, the biggest and most intense terrorist attacks take place. During this period, the widespread and simultaneous activity of anti-government terrorist groups and ethnic separatist terrorist groups will intensify terrorist attacks in Iran. The 267 terrorist attacks recorded in these four years are almost equal to half of the total terrorist attacks of the last 40 years. Spatially, this wave of terrorist attacks has been concentrated in Tehran and major cities and boundary regions in the northwest and southwest of Iran. Assessing the distribution of terrorist attacks during this period shows that attacks by anti-government terrorist groups follow a hierarchical distribution, whereas the attacks of separatist terrorist groups have followed the pattern of proximity or contagious diffusion.The second long wave is related to terrorist attacks between 1990 and 1994. This wave of terrorist attacks in Iran coincides with the end of the Iran-Iraq war. In this wave of terrorist attacks, mainly anti-government groups are active who sent troops from abroad to carry out terrorist attacks inside Iran. During this period, the terrorist attacks of the separatist groups in the western and southwestern provinces of Iran will be significantly reduced compared to the previous wave. However, terrorist attacks in Sistan and Baluchestan province begin with considerable intensity and are largely affected by the Proximity contagion of terrorist and extremist groups in Indian subcontinent.  The pattern of terrorist attacks in this period is mainly hierarchical due to the activity of anti-government terrorist groups. During this period, terrorists mainly used the bombing method in their attacks. The focus of terrorist attacks is spatially in Tehran and the centers of major provinces. The third long wave of terrorist attacks began in 2005 and will continue until 2014. This period coincides with the intense activity of separatist terrorist groups with a religious approach in the South-East regions of Iran. So that in this wave, Sistan and Baluchestan province has the highest frequency of terrorist attacks in Iran. Also, the activities of terrorist groups in Khuzestan, Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan provinces increase significantly compared to the previous period. A study of the spatial distribution of terrorist attacks shows that these attacks are affected by the proximity diffusion inside and outside the State. In this wave, the instrument and methods used by terrorists change in accordance with and under the influence of international religious terrorism in the South-East of the State, and terrorists use unconventional methods such as suicide attacks. In addition to these three major waves of terrorist attacks in Iran, two shorter and less intense waves of other terrorist attacks have also occurred in Iran. The first short wave of terrorist attacks takes place from 1998 to 2000. This short wave of terrorist attacks is in fact a continuation of the long wave from 1990 to 1994, which follows the same pattern in terms of the type of terrorist groups and the geography of the attacks. The second short wave of terrorist attacks took place from 2015 to 2018. This short wave of terrorist attacks is also located along the long wave of 2005 to 2013. With the difference that in this period, International terrorist groups, specifically ISIS, attacks in Iran. In this short wave, the main attacks took place in the boundary regions of Iran in of Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan, Khuzestan and Kurdistan provinces.Almost all terrorist attacks in Iran between 1978 and 2018 were carried out by two groups of terrorist groups. First, there are anti-government terrorist groups that carried out terrorist acts with the aim of overthrowing the ruling political system and changing the government. The places and spaces that these groups targeted were mainly located in large and important cities of Iran. Anti-government groups planned and carried out their attacks first in Tehran and then in the provincial capitals and metropolises. Therefore, the distribution of terrorist attacks in these terrorist groups has been done hierarchically from a geographically. These groups have been very influential in the first and second wave of terrorist attacks, but gradually and with the strengthening of the political and security system of state, the intensity of this group and their ability to attack has been greatly reduced.The second type of terrorist group includes groups with separatist goals. These groups are active in ethnic and religious areas around of state that are not complete homogeneity with the central government. Separatist groups have been very active in the first and third waves of terrorist attacks in Iran. A noteworthy point about these groups is the spatial and geographical as well as organizational connection of some of them with terrorist organizations active in neighboring countries. Also, these groups have spatial and organizational pursuits outside the country. Therefore, the pattern of diffusion the attacks of these terrorist groups from the geographical point of view is proximity and contagion

One of the important consequences of the United States invasion of Iraq and overthrow of Saddam have been the increasing insecurity and violence in Iraq. A violence which its clear manifestation can be seen in terrorist attacks-mostly in the shape of suicidal bombing. From 2003 to 2008 these violent incidents and terrorist attacks have increased dramatically, in a way that its repercussion is still continuing. The aim of the present paper is answering this question that what are the domestic factors contributing to recurrence and increase of such terrorist attacks after the fall of Saddam. The underlying hypothesis which is discussed with a descriptive-analytical method in reply to the above question is that several historical, cultural, social and political factors play role in increase of terrorist attacks in Iraq. Within the framework of the above hypothesis and by making use of constructivist theoretical model, three important indexes namely political history of Iraq and Baath Party, ethnic and religious differences and the United States invasion of Iraq are examined and analyzed.

Terrorism and terrorist attacks are now one of the world's fundamental challenges in the 21st century. The growth and expansion of this phenomenon in recent decades has led to its various dimensions to be evaluated by experts in various fields. Meanwhile, one of the important dimensions of terrorist attacks is the location and geographical space under attack. The main question in this study is whether terrorists attack certain places according to rational criteria? Terrorists seem to target specific places and spaces based on rational criteria such as inflicting heavy casualties, symbolic nature, intimidation, and media attention. In addition, they try to use the method and technique that is most likely to succeed in attacking their targets. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to identify, evaluate, evaluate and analyze the logic of terrorist attacks in choosing the place of attack and the method used, using the theory of rational choice. The results of this study show that most terrorist attacks are carried out in the form of bombings in public places, in armed infrastructure using armed attacks and bombings, and in political places in the form of suicide, because attacks on these places are the most profitable. And it has the lowest cost for terrorists.

Intrduction:Although terror and terrorism are not new phenomena in the world and its history back to the formation of policy and governance¡ but in the last decades of twentieth century with the development of technological and communicational tools¡ proliferation of advanced weapons¡ complex organizing¡ jobbery of authorities¡ and formation of ethnic¡ national and ideological incentives¡ power and role of terrorist groups and organizations has been increased. Terrorism has become one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Growth and expansion of terrorist attacks in recent years has caused specialists to focus on explain of the reasons of formation and growth contexts and expansion of this phenomenon and analysis of its various aspects. Among the various aspects of terrorism and terrorist attacks¡ spatial dimension has attracted particular interest of political geographers. There are a few geographical studies in terrorism literature¡ and most of them are deprived of a conceptual framework. These conditions and factors provide the need for identifying spatial dimensions of the phenomenon in order to have philosophy and certain nature for geographic studies of terrorism.
This article seeks to answer this question that “what spatial dimensions does the terrorism have? To answer the question¡ this article has used descriptive-analytic method. The required data is collected through library resources¡ documents¡ statistical data of scientific websites and International reports in connection with the terrorist attacks.
Geographers in general and political geographers in special have little interest in studying terrorism. Therefore¡ geographers’ contribution to development of terrorism concept is minimal. In order to draw a specific theoretical framework for geographic studies of terrorism¡ spatial dimensions of terrorism and terrorist attacks would be identified and analyzed. These dimensions can be discussed in six questions. 1- In which spaces does terrorism arise? (Which spaces create terrorism) 2- Which places are targeted by terrorists? 3- What is the territory purpose of terrorists? 4- In which scale and geographical territory do terrorists act? 5- What geographical methods and techniques are used by terrorists? 6- Which geopolitical and spatial reflections do the terrorist attacks have?
Political geographers have to identify and analyze spatial dimensions of terrorism and terrorist attacks as a political phenomenon. Evaluation of the spatial dimensions of terrorism illustrates this phenomenon structurally and functionally which is one of the geospatial analysis capabilities. Structural aspect of geographical study of terrorism explores the impact of territorial and geographic factors¡ characteristics and motivations on formation of this phenomenon. While the functional aspect of geographic study of terrorism pays attention to use and impact of terrorism and terrorist attacks in the geographical space.

Some researchers have considered the two notions of “Terrorism” and “Istishhadi (Martyrdom) operations as equal and considered Istishhadi operation a type of Terrorism; hence, the question rises “what is the relationship between Terrorism and Istishhadi operations?”. This paper tries to explain the indices and structural bases of Terrorism and Istishhadi operations and differentiate Terrorism and Istishhadi operation with reference to the above questions and by using descriptive-analytical method. In most cases, terrorists target innocent individuals to send their message to their opponent and the public opinion. Those who die in terrorist attacks didn’t do any crime and were invaded unintentionally. So, Terrorist attack is an aggressive attack and is not compatible with divine and humane laws. Any operation which is done under such situations, even under the name of “religion”, is considered Terrorism. Whereas, due to religious and ethical indices, Istishhadi operation lacks any similarity with Terrorism and is not considered a terrorist attack, but a defensive and religious action which emphasizes Islamic texts and the one in which Islamic and ethical dignities are observed.

Up sep.11¡ 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11¡2001 terrorist attacks: the issue of terrorism was changed into factor in the way of formation to foreign policy of some countries and in the field of international policy: each country based on its values and norms fight against asymmetric threats and terrorism and selected specific strategy. In his way following up sep.11¡ 2011 terrorist attacks in U.S.A the doctrine of war against terrorism and combat with mass destruction weapons was compiled by neoconservative party. E.U. approved strategy of combat with mass destruction weapons: which resulted in coalition of great worlds powers against terrorism. In the way of combat with terrorism¡ Sep.11¡ 2011 terrorist attacks prepared suitable grounds for attacks of U.S.A to Afghanistan in year 2001 and following up attack to Iraq in year 2003 without accompany of EU countries such as: France and Germany and regardless to U.N. which resulted in great gap between relations of EU beyond Atlantic region and U.S.A in the field of combat with terrorism. In the present research it is dealt with this question that: What is similarity and difference among strategies of EU and U.S.A in relation to combat with terrorism.

Responses for medical emergencies can be different during most terrorist attacks in which civilians and military personnel might be killed or wounded. The present study aimed to reflect on injury patterns and the outcome of victims in terrorist attacks. A retrospective research design study was conducted on the data obtained from terrorist attacks in the city of Ahvaz, Iran, on September 22, 2018. In this deadly incident, 92 military and civilian victims had been transferred to hospitals within the first 24 hours. To this end, the data including age, gender, causes, site of injuries, outcomes, and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) values were analyzed.  Data were acquired from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, the Iranian Emergency Department, as well as health care facilities. The findings revealed that, out of 92 victims of Ahvaz terrorist attack, 85 cases (92.4%) were men. The mean age of these individuals was about 28.68±11.22 years and 41.3% of them were in need of urgent surgical interventions. There was no information regarding casualties in 22.3% of the cases. Moreover, 25% of the causalities had led to death. The mean of ISS was 8.19±13. Besides, there was a significant relationship between ISS values and patient outcomes (p <0.0001). A relationship was also observed between multiple injuries and mortality rates although it did not include main body parts. The results showed that the mortality rate of casualties in the Ahvaz terrorist attack was high. With respect to the findings, extensive actions are needed to maintain the readiness of the emergency medical care services and to manage such events.

Terrorism has been considered as a challenge with serious effect in the world as a result of instability, corruption and lack of democracy in most countries. Confronting this phenomenon requires recognizing its roots to find possible solutions. This study aims to examine the effect of some actual factors which causes the terrorism in short and long run. To this end, investigation has been conducted using statistical and regression methods using the data obtained from the 17 MENA countries. Findings indicate that in the long run, political stability and corruption controlling have a negative effect on the number of terrorist attacks, but democracy has no significant effect on terrorism. Morover, in the short term, there is also an inverse relationship between the number of terrorist attacks with political stability and corruption controlling, but unfortunately, democracy has a positive and significant effect on the number of terrorist attacks in the selected countries.

Cognitive Research in Crime , Crime and criminals, usually according to the criteria of gender, age, social class , race, ethnicity , and are classified , but in most cases is not considered religious criteria . It seems that the moral foundations of cognitive offense - religious life of the people is considerable . However, recent events such as the riots in Bradford City in England in 1995 and 2001 and September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States ( and its subsequent consequences ) associated with the recent terrorist attacks on Bali Island ( Indonesia ) , people's faith in delinquency or their victimization is considered .