Backgroung & Buffalo has a special role in the economy of more than forty countries and theirs numbers and distributions is growing every year. The tympanic membrane is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and this ossicle important in physiology and pathology. There is no anatomical and morphometrical research performed on this organ in buffalo. For this study 8 heads of  male and female buffalo were purchased from slaughterhouse and their tympanic membrane were studied anatomical and morphologically.  The anatomical results showed tympanic membrane was elliptical and white to pink white. Pars flaccida of tympanic membrane was small and triangle and in some cases was rectangle, in addition pars tensa of tympanic membrane was large and oval shape. The average measurement  of parameters showed the size of tympanic membrane in female is larger than male, and right side also was larger than left side. Statistical analysis Tukey showed these differences were not significant (p≤0/05).  The results of this research can be used as the basic knowledge in clinical research for buffalo.

With respect to physical relations in force and pressure, we hypothesized that the prevalence of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation in patients with a patulous Eustachian tube is greater than normal, because in Eustachian tube patency, the internal air pressure of the middle ear will not increase after compression, subsequent to trauma. Therefore the force upon the tympanic membrane may cause it to perforate easier. In this study we evaluated 45 patients with traumatic tympanic membrane perforation. After otoscopy, modified inflation-deflation test was performed to determine the opening, closing, and residual pressure of the Eustachian tube. Approximately 60 percent had a patulous Eustachian tube, 27% had poor Eustachian tube function and 13% had normal Eustachian tube function. It appears that patients with a patulous Eustachian tube are probably at high risk for traumatic tympanic membrane perforation.

Tympanoplasty is a standard procedure to repair tympanic membrane perforation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of tympanoplasty (hearing improvement and tympanic membrane closure rate) in patients suffering from chronic perforation of the tympanic membrane by considering the prognostic factors.
In a prospective study, based on the results of tympanoplasty with temporal graft fascia in 60 patients in the ENT department of the Medical Science University of Tabriz, we evaluated prognostic factors, such as age, sex, smoking, size, and site of perforation, for the outcome of this surgery.
The rate of surgical success- integration of the graft- was 93.3%. Improvement of hearing, as demonstrated through audiometry, occurred in 93% of cases. We did not find any factors to be statistically significant to affect surgical outcome.
Even by considering the influence of different factors on the results of a tympanoplasty operation, according to the statistical results of this study, there is not a significant difference in the results of the operation, neither in the health of the tympanic membrane after surgery nor in hearing development.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are used with increasing frequency worldwide. The present research was conducted to determine the effects of ART on hearing defects and ear abnormalities. In a descriptive, cross-sectional, non-randomized study, the status of hearing and ear abnormalities was assessed in 300 newborns conceived by ART at Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran. This study was performed over a sixteen month period. Data were collected from parents, otoscopic examinations and transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) tests of the newborns. The external ear was assessed by otoscopic examination, followed by the TEOAE test (an objective test that does not need the infant’s collaboration) which was performed by an audiologist. In this test, the OAE wave was registered after a click (stimulus) at 5-20 millisecond intervals with an 82 dB SPL altitude. Data were analyzed by statistical tests. Of the 300 cases examined by otoscopy, two cases (0.66%) had bilateral malformation in the auricle, two (0.66%) had unilateral perforation of the tympanic membrane, five (1.66%) had unilateral retraction of the tympanic membrane, eight (2.66%) had bilateral retraction of the tympanic membrane, one (0.33%) had unilateral tympanic membrane inflammation, one (0.33%) had bilateral tympanic membrane inflammation and one case (0.33%) had wax obstruction of the external ear canal. A total of 289 out of 300 newborns undewent the TEOAE test. Of these, three cases (1.03%) did not have a bilateral registered wave and were diagnosed with bilateral hearing loss. This study shows that hearing and ear screening in newborns conceived by ART is contemplative and emphasizes the profitability of continual check up in these infants.

ntroduction: The use of cartilage in reconstruction of the tympanic membrane has been established especially in cases such as tubal dysfunction and adhesive processes. Cartilage offers the advantage of higher mechanical stability compared with membranous materials but may alter the acoustic transfer characteristics of the graft. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hearing results after thin cartilage – perichondrium tympanoplasty, versus temporalis facia tympanoplasty. In this clinical trial, tympanic membrane reconstruction was operated with thin perichondrium-cartilage slices in one group of patients and temporalis facia in another group. Post operation Speech reception threshold (SRT) and graft take rate were compared statistically between two groups. After one-year follow up, the graft take rate was 98% in the temporalis fascia group and 96.8% in the cartilage perichondrium group. The mean improvement of SRT was 17.9db for cartilage-perichondrium group and 21.6db for temporalis fascia group. The difference was not statistically significant. Considering the results of this study, cartilage-perichondrium tympanoplasty offers the possibility of a rigorous tympanic membrane (TM) reconstruction with no statistically significant differences in post operative hearing results.

To study the long-term complications of tympanostomy tube insertion in young children 10 years after surgery. In September 2011, the medical records of all patients who had undergone myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion between February 2000 and March 2001 at the two general hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were studied. Of the 98 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 82 patients agreed to participate and were enrolled in the study. The complications of the operation were evaluated in these patients. Of the 164 ears that were operated on, myringosclerosis was found in 17.1%, atrophy of the tympanic membrane in 1.2%, permanent perforation of the tympanic membrane in 0.6% and tympanic membrane atelectasis in 0.6%. None of the patients developed cholesteatoma as a complication of tympanostomy tube insertion. Considering the low risk of serious complications after 10 years, tympanostomy tube insertion is a safe and effective treatment option in the treatment of otitis media with effusion.

Fat tympanoplasty is repair of small dry tympanic membrane perforations using fat as graft material. It is a simple office procedure with minimal morbidity and manipulation of the middle ear. The present study was a prospective review of 60 patients who underwent fat tympanoplasty over the period of 15 months. In all the patients fat was harvested from ear lobule.Patients were kept on follow up for 3 months and evaluated for graft uptake and hearing gain. 86.66% closure rate of tympanic membrane defect was achieved. Postoperative air conduction was 29.6 ± 5.3 while air bone gap was 13.2 ± 6.1.The study concludes that fat plug myringoplasty is a simple, quick, less invasive method to repair small tympanic membrane defects.

The middle ear is an irregular cavity composed of three ossicles, malleus, incus, stape, which transmit sound waves to the inner ear and converted into mechanical energy. Due to the importance of the middle ear in voice transmissions this study was established. In this research, in order to investigate morphologically, the details of sus scrofa Atilla middle  ear ossicles, 5 matured male animals skulls were used. After anatomical examination of different parts of the temporal bone and removing the bones, the middle ear bones were exposed, in addition to examine the shape, dimensions and details of each bone were measured using an ocular micrometer. Finally, data were evaluated and analyzed using the Sigma Statt statistics software. In sus scrofa Atilla, temporal bone, similar to other animals, consisted of three parts: squamous, tympanic and petrous part. The length of the outer ear canal to the tympanic membrane is 37±0.14 mm. The tympanic membrane is circular in animal and the diameter of the tympanic membrane is about 12.5±0.21 mm. The tympanic membrane has also Beige color. In the boar, the number of middle ear ossicles was three, including Malleus, Incus and Stapes. Morphometric results showed that the Malleus ossicle had a head, neck, handle and three distinct process including anterior, muscular and lateral process. Incus ossicle  consists of a body, two long and short crura and has two articular surfaces. A short or posterior crura attaches to the posterior wall of the body and the long crura are connected to the stape ossicle. The Stape ossicle has a footplate and three anterior, posterior, and muscular process which anterior process is shorter than posterior. In the present study, the components of the middle ear in the boar was investigated. It was determined that the number of middle ear ossicles in the boar was similar to pigs, and the only difference was the size of the ossicles processes.

Tympanoplasty is the standard and well established procedure for closure of tympanic membrane perforations .This paper compares the results of tympanoplasty in terms of hearing improvement and graft incorporation in patients with chronic perforation of the tympanic membrane between two groups with and without active drainage at the time of surgery.
Sixty referring patients to specialty and subspecialty clinics between the age 15 to 60 years-old were selected. All patients suffered from Chronic Otitis Media and they were categorized into two groups: a) those with wet ears and b) those with dry ears. Tympanoplasty surgery was performed through the use of embedding technique of temporalis fascia graft and in medial position (Medial Graft Technique). Finally, the data about the level of hearing improvement and the repair of tympanic membrane were analyzed.
Although there was hearing improvement in both groups - with wet or dry ear - no statistically significant difference was observed between two groups. Following the surgery, tympanic membrane in two patients with wet ear and one with dry ear was not repaired, however according to the statistical analysis this difference was not significant.
The results of this study showed that in contrast to the common perception that tympanoplasty results in the patients with wet ear is poorer than those with dry ear, there was little difference in the results of the operations performed on two groups.

Buffalo is an economic animal in Livestock areas. Buffalo has two types: swamp buffalo and river buffalo. The tympanic membrane or ear drum  is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. There is no histological and histochemical research performed on this organ in buffalo.

For this study 8 heads of  male and female buffalo were purchased from slaughterhouse and their tympanic membrane were studied histomorphometry , histological  and histochemically with H&E, Verhoff, PAS and MTC staining.

The result showed Tympanic membrane had three layers of Epithelial layer, connective tissue and mucosal layer. In Epithelial layer Epithelium was stratified squamous and in  mucosal layer epithelium  was simple squamous. Connective tissue wasvery thick and its collagen fibers types was arranged in radial and circular manner. The most types of connective cells were fibroblast. Collagen and elastic fibers were in both parts of tympanic membrane, but pars flaccida of tympanic membrane had more elastic fibers and in contrast it’s pars tensa of tympanic membrane had more collagen fibers. The highest density of collagen fiber observed in left tympanic membrane of female buffalo and lowest density of collagen fiber was in left tympanic membrane of male buffalo.

Overalls result showed tympanic membrane in buffalo had Similarities and differences with  ruminants and other animals.