Urbanism is an important stage in the process of life in the cities, because the urban culture of people appears in how they live and their urbanism. A country may have a high percentage of urbanization, but a low level of urbanism. Unlike urbanization, urbanism is not a quantitative growth process, but it is the final and qualitative stage of urban life and is the result of urbanization. In other words, urbanism is a general concept and includes aspects of social psychology of urban life, patterns of urban personality and behavioral adaptation in the city. Paying attention to the quality dimension and adherence of urbanites to urban laws and giving importance to these laws and the extent to which these rules are applicable among the people is an inescapable point. Urbanism is an important stage in the process of living in cities because the urban culture of people appears in how they live, that is, their urbanism.The main purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of urbanism in the central, new and suburbs of Sabzevar.This research is a developmental-applied and descriptive-analytical research method. Data were collected by library and survey methods and to analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Spearman, analysis of variance and Friedman were used, and to measure the degree of urbanism in the three studied contexts, the VIKOR model was used. The sample size for the three contexts was 382 questionnaires. The alpha value for all indices is equal to /78. Is obtained. The results show that of the 6 indicators studied in the study area, only the index of self-alienation has no significant relationship with urbanism and the other indicators including citizenship identity, individualism, indifference, interactions and rationality have a significant relationship with the amount. The citizens of Sabzevar have urbanism. The results of Vickor model show that the degree of urbanism is higher in the new context and in the next ranks are the central context and the marginal context. Also, Friedman test shows that the indicators of self-alienation, indifference, individualism and interactions had the greatest impact on the rate of urbanism in the three studied contexts of Sabzevar, respectively.

The quick growth of urbanism without planning and policies would lead to irreparable consequences in the area of country’s spatial balance, therefore the aim of represented research is to explain the urbanism spatial pattern and also evaluate the relationship between urbanism with various industrial, economic, social and cultural, infrastructural, services and facilities, Health & Therapy and agricultural development factors. The Moran and Gary models and also the hotspots analysis method in ARC GIS software have been utilized to evaluate the urbanism spatial pattern in the country and also the Pierson Correlation Coefficient Test in SPSS software has been used to evaluate the relationship between the urbanism and mentioned factors. The results from Moran and Gary showed that the urbanism spatial pattern in 1996 to 2012 in the country have had a centralized and cluster state which has been increasing evidently. Also it turned out that the urbanism pattern has a great conformity to the industrial development pattern in the country. The results obtained from Pierson Correlation Coefficient shows evident of the existence of a meaningful and positive relationship between urbanism growth with economic, social, cultural and infrastructural however there is none between the growth of urbanism and services and facilities, Heath and Therapy and agricultural development. Therefore, despite of the positive aspects of urbanism in some of the economic, social-cultural and infrastructural indicators, the noticeable problems and failures in the status of services and facilities, health and therapy in the cities should not be neglected.

In order to solve the problems caused by the deterioration and deterioration of urban centers and the horizontal expansion of cities, the neo-urbanism movement was established. New urbanism is a set of development factors to create more optimal and attractive communities. Considering the many problems and issues that have arisen from the horizontal and scattered expansion of Shiraz, the use of serious theoretical views of urbanism and successful examples implemented in developed countries, can be effective in reforming and presenting the local model of urban planning. The purpose of this article is to redefine and apply the principles and criteria of new urbanism in line with the city's indigenous considerations. The main question of the article is how the principles and criteria of new urbanism can be explained and redefined according to local and indigenous considerations? The method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The results of the article show that the physical planning and design of the construction of a new town based on the new urbanism and the determination of the relevant rules and regulations based on local considerations provide a suitable model for urban planning.

Urban-scape and its literature which has been playing a major role in improving the quality of environment in the public spaces and landscapes of today’s cities has been widely developed through the last century and on the threshold of the third millennium, which attracted the attention of landscape architects, urban designers, and planners. The urban-scape and the indicators of its arrangement are considered one of the main concepts in measuring the sustainability of cities. This concept, along with the subjects such as urban health, quality of life and urban livability, have become the principles considered by international institutions for ranking the world’s cities. Based on this, and with the evolution of new contexts and developments of urbanism influenced by the changes in the environmental system and international economics, the urban-scape theories have also been affected by this approach both in the process and in the content of material changes. Having considered that, the present article attempts to analyze the most important theoretical prospects in this field, to perform comparative comparisons of the relevant approaches, and to provide a conceptual framework for the city’s urban-scape in the future. Urban-scape subject has been studied through various approaches and prospects by different scholars and theorists. In the present study, in order to assess and elaborate on the views of the most prominent scholars on the urban-scape as well as to develop a conceptual framework for it, through the documentary study method and valid references in this field and by reviewing the definitions and concepts of the urban-scape, the most innovative ideas, key theories and controversial discussions available on the urban-scape, along with the explanation of the classification mechanism and the typology of approaches, are studied and categorized for the first time in the form of four major periods of time. These time periods which are from the Industrial Revolution to the Townscape Movement (1960), the Townscape Movement to the New Urbanism Movement (1960-1990), the New Urbanism Movement to the Landscape Urbanism Movement (1990-1997), and the Landscape Urbanism Movement to the present (1997-2014) include five different subjects of aesthetic; context-oriented including visual-spatial perception, visual-behavioral perception, new urbanism, landscape urbanism and ecological urbanism, along with the common components of each period. In addition, in order to establish the conceptual framework and the theoretical context of urban-scape, we have analyzed the views of 23 experts in this field where the most important aspects of urbanism have been identified. The logic behind this classification and the classification mechanism of the above approaches can be found in the thoughts and theories of the first movement’s theorist at the beginning of each period, in the identification of the ideas of the scholars having similar influential attitudes on the topic, and finally in the formation and improvement of the approaches taken from the ideas of the above-mentioned scholars. For instance, “Camillo Sitte” initiated an aesthetic approach during the Industrial Revolution to the Townscape Movement and emergence of an aesthetic (visual) component by introducing “City Planning According to Artistic Principles” in 1889. After that, with the generalization of context-oriented discussions, and in particular the “Townscape Movement” by the “Gordon Cullen” in 1960, the period of the Townscape Movement to New Urbanism with contextual approach began, and the aesthetic (perceptual and conceptual) and functional components along with the aesthetic (visual) component were introduced from the previous period and were formed based on the subdivision of visual spatial perception. After that, the other subdivision of the context-oriented approach, i.e., visual perception-behavioral subdivision was formed with the emergence of the “Space Syntax” by “Bill Hillier” and “Julienne Hanson”, and the incorporation of the element of behavioral science into previous components in 1984. Then, the third period, the period from the New Urbanism Movement to the Landscape Urbanism Movement began with the introduction of New Urbanism and Urban Sustainability with an approach to the neo-traditional development of the texture and urban areas in 1990, and thus the environmental component was added to the previous components of the earlier periods. And now in the fourth period of the typology of the urban-scape historical evolution, as “Charles Waldheim” introduced and initiated the “Landscape Urbanism” in 1997, a landscape urbanization approach has been emerged. This is an approach in which the landscape and open space are considered the main elements of the city’s construction, and the multi-level, contextual and complex components have been added to other previous components. Finally, the Ecological Urbanism approach introduced by “Mohsen Mostafavi” in 2010 and the multi-component with ecological insights was added to the components of the previous periods. The four major time periods identified and categorized for the first time in the present study, are discussed in detail

The rich identity, originality and validity of "Ancient Iranian Urbanism and Architecture", always have stimulated the urban designers and planners for having research about its valuable qualities and historical principles. Unlike the past, today's Iranian cities have inefficient urban qualities; because they have inspired by the western urban designs, without paying attention to their contents and contexts, which declined the originality and identity of them. So in this research, to achieve more efficient urban design solutions, is tried to revive the concepts and principles of the ancient Iranian urbanism. Also, according to the globalization and urban commonalities, the main attempt is to find the overlaps and common qualitative norms between the western contemporary urban design approaches and ancient Iranian urbanism principles. Due to this, by utilizing the inductive, comparative and descriptive methods, is tried to have a research in theoretical resources to suggest some comprehensive principles, in order to reach an appropriate concept for the implementation of urban design projects in Iran, which may revive the original Iranian contextualism and reality. This type of research creates a linkage between the innovations of western urbanism approaches and the values of the ancient Iranian urbanism principles to have a prospective and more accurate understanding of Iranian urban developments.

Since the succeeding of the Timurid showing a grave interest at urbanism, many cities, such as Shiraz, Yazd, Samarqand, and Harat flourished wide-spreadly. Hence, investigation upon civil engineering and urbanism finds inevitable significance over this paper. Attempting to investigate upon the crucial and influential factors contributing to urbanism in the era, the present paper seeks to present a portrait of civil context and urbanism and account for the fact that how the perspectives and attitudes of the great figures of the age contributed to the development of this phenomenon. The type of this study is historical, and the method of the paper is analytical-descriptive. The provided data has been collected documentarily, drawn from libraries in a bibliographic method. The results show that governors' interest at urbanism as well as developmental ambition of the elites and patricians' attention of the age all contributed to prosperity of this era.

New Urbanism has been described as the most influential movement in architecture and planning in the United States in the modernism movement. Some argue that new urbanism is the answer to suburban sprawl and the way urban centers were decaying and the simultaneous increase of communities that were fragmented, car-oriented and spread out. In recent years, new urbanism principals have been adopted for many housing and neighborhood planning efforts. New urbanism emphasis on traditional neighborhood design to create sustainable and efficient communities. Traditional neighborhoods design is a set of development practices to create more attractive and more compact communities designed to encourage bicycling and walking for short trips by providing destinations close to home and work, and by providing sidewalks and a pleasant environment for walking and biking. This article has tried to introduce new urbanism movement and its charter and the most important principal of it that are applied increasingly to projects at the full range of scales from a single building to an entire community such as walkability, connectivity, mixed-use and diversity, mixed housing, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, public transportation, parking planning, public participation, etc. while the benefits and criticism of the movement have been studied, then new urbanism neighborhood design features and the sequence of design were investigated. The main question of this article is what and how principals of new urbanism can be applied in inner city neighborhoods planning, while the design features and sequence of design should have been taken into consideration? This article concludes that new urbanism principals are consistent with boarder policies aimed at improving living conditions and opportunities for inner city residents.

Urbanism, unlike urbanization, is not a process of urban growth, but is the final stage and the result of urbanization. This research aims to determine the level of urbanism among urban dwellers, and the factors that influence this phenomenon. The urban mosaic and subcultural and deterministic theories of urbanization provided the theoretical framework of the study. On that basis, 10 hypotheses were developed in which the variables of age, gender, marital status, education, employment status, income, years of living in the city, urban or rural origin, type of neighborhood and number of children were considered as independent variables. This was a survey research in which questionnaire and interview techniques were used. The research population consisted of all the residents of the city of Sari who were 30 to 65 years old, of which 340 individuals were selected through stratified random sampling. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to test the relationships among variables. Research findings showed that the level of urbanism is high in Sari and few people rank medium in terms of urbanism. The results also indicated that nine of the ten variables have a significant relationship with urbanism and that the only variable which was not significantly related to urbanism was income. As a result, it could be concluded that such factors as increasing population density, heterogeneity and dynamics of urban life, such as noise, traffic have affected the lifestyle and quality life of people. In closing, it could be said that the deterministic approach of urbanism is suitable to explaining the level of urbanism in the city of Sari

Ecological-Landscape development is proposed as a mature form of Ecological-Landscape Urbanism which  is a recent discourse in Western architecture and urbanism whose roots can be traced back to environmental movements in the past century. In this regard, ecological-landscape development opens new horizons for contemporary cities by relying on conceptual frameworks such as landscape as a building block of the city, landscape ecology, and ecosystem services, where the difference between natural and built environment pales and the city is conceptualized as an ecosystem including humans. It can be stated that it departs from conventional urbanism approaches that are mostly based on modern views in many ways, and introduces a novel method of shaping the built environment. On the other hand, by dissecting the tenets and major approaches of this school, a high degree of commonality with Eastern architecture and urbanism, especially Iranian architecture, can be identified. This can be acknowledged as the point where Western architecture and urbanism meet Iranian architecture, as well as a solution to its continuity and development in today’s world. Using an analytical- descriptive approach, this paper seeks to analyze the concepts, roots, and patterns hidden within this branch as the outcome of the synergy between the two schools of landscape urbanism and ecological urbanism, and propose a manifesto, albeit incomplete. Then, it introduces its common features with Iranian architecture and urbanism under concepts such as gradual development and integrity, fusion with nature, multidisciplinary knowledge, connectivity with politics, and ecology.

Implementing the urbanism science has increased recently in Iran. Utilization of this imported science in Iran without sufficient attention to has resulted in contemporary confused cities. These matters have motivated urbanism researchers to naturalize urbanism science through valuable old texts written by Muslim scholars. Up to now, "Nahj_al-Balagha", "Shahnameh of Ferdowsi", "Hafez's Divan", "Mosibatname of Attar", "Nasir Khusraw's Safarname", "Haft-Peikar of Nezami" and "Ibn Kaldun's Moghadame" have been used by researchers in the texts of urbanism or architecture. The titles, sentences, themes and contents of these texts were extracted and employed in urbanism texts. This article emphasizes on usage of old Persian texts for production or indigenization of urbanism science and offers the method for it. There are three steps to achieve this purpose.1) Firstly, two subjects were defined in the theoretical part:The process of science production was defined to include six stages: worldview, philosophy, paradigm, theory, model and phenomenon. The weakness in theorization is the most important issue in Iranian Urbanism. In addition, western science has mostly been imported to Iran from "theory" stage. Therefore, it's necessary to focus on "Theory" stage or "Theorization".Among different subjects of old valuable texts, "mystical ethics" is selected in this article, as mysticism and ethics had been employed in Iran's tradition cities. Also, Mystical ethics are matched with stages of "Islamic monotheism worldview", "Islamic philosophy" and "Islamic paradigm". Moreover, the goal of mystical ethics is personality prosperity and then social prosperity. 2) Secondly, In the A section, there is a way of "Theorization" that has been accepted by Muslim scholars. It has four levels: 1- the ideas, 2- discovery of the relationship, 3- description and expansion, 4- implementation.In the B section, there is an accepted method for usage a text. This famous method has been called "Zaherieh and Batenieh" and includes multiple steps.3) Finally, both of the processes ("Theorization" and "Zaherieh and Batenieh") are united to make up the final method for employing of old Persian texts in order to produce or indigenize the theories of Iranian urbanism. This method includes the following instructions.The brief rules in the texts of mystical ethics are used as "Ideas" in urbanism theories.The rules of mystical ethics have apparent and ambiguous meanings. So it's necessary to acquire them according to proposed method.It is necessary to create a relationship between the ethical code and urbanism subject. This step is called "discovery of the relationship". (The gained meanings in the previous stage will be of help to this step). There are two states in this part: if ethical rule has a relationship with existing theory, it would be transformed into a native theory; otherwise, a new theory should be created.The "expansion" stage includes enough description for growing up the hidden theory. One way is comparing ethics and the fact in the city. If there is a difference, the ethical code must be prevailed.The "implementation" step is suggested as a subject of a future article.