In this research, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria were added to watercress drink and the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, viability of probiotic bacteria and sensory characteristics of the samples were investigated in the period of 1, 15 and 30 days after production. The results showed that the pH in all samples decreased significantly with time. Brix of the samples containing higher amounts of watercress was more, and with the passage of time, the turbidity of all samples decreased significantly. The samples containing higher amounts of watercress had higher total phenol and antioxidant activity, and with the passage of time, the IC50 of all samples increased significantly and their total phenol decreased significantly. On the 1st and 15th days, the highest viability rates of both microorganisms belonged to samples containing 75% watercress. Watercress extract helped the viability of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus with its antioxidant activity and significant phenolic compounds. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the score of flavor, aroma, texture, color and overall acceptability of the samples on all the days investigated.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Watercress extract on rooster sperm storage at 4 °C by using 15 mature roosters. Semen collection was performed twice a week in 5 times. In each session, ejaculates were pooled and split into five parts. The amount of 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 μg/mL Watercress extract were added to each part. After that, samples were chilled to 4 °C and kept until 72 h. Sperm viability (by staining Hoechst 33258), motility and membrane integrity were evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. To determine lipid peroxidation, the concentration of malondialdehid (MDA) was evaluated by using 300 106 spermatoza at 48 h. The results showed that the lowest of concentration of MDA (1.0 μM/mL) was in 600 μg/mL Watercress extract (P<0.05). The main effect of watergrass on sperm viability showed that viability of spermatozoa was lowest (73.4%) in 1200 μg/mL Watercress extract level (P<0.05). There was interaction between Watercress extract and storage time on sperm motility and membrane integrity (P<0.05). After 48 h incubation, membrane integrity was higher in 600 μg/mL (90.70%) Watercress extract than control (85.80%; P<0.05). At 72 h, there was no difference between 600 (51±3.36) and 300 (42.60±3.01) μg/mL Watercress extract on sperm motility (P>0.05) and it was higher in 600 μg/mL Grass water extract than other treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, the addition of 600 μg/mL Watercress extract to semen improves longevity of rooster spermatozoa at 4 C.

Inroduction & Objective: Staphylococcus aurous causes a wide range of diseases. Staphylococcal infection is the most common bacterial infection in humans. Antimicrobial and healing effect burdock and nasturtium of nettle, extracts with silver sulfadiazine on burn infections of Staphylococcus aurous. Material and Method: In this study, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of nettle, watercress and burdock root were prepared in the laboratory. Then, the MIC and MBC of the extract were determined by dilution method in the broth. In the study of the animal model, the bacteria were first inoculated with a concentration of (5×106CFU/ML) to the wound site on Syrian mice. After 24 hours, an ointment prepared with MBC concentration was prepared from extracts of the nettle, watercress and burdock root for 1 g of silver sulfadiazine and was used to treat burns and infections with Staphylococcus aurous. In the animal model, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of nettle, watercress and burdock root have antimicrobial activity against growth of Staphylococcus aurous. Results: In this study, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of nettle, watercress and burdock root were prepared in the laboratory. Then, the MIC and MBC of the extract were determined by dilution method in the broth. In the study of the animal model, the bacteria were first inoculated with a concentration of (5×106CFU/ML) to the wound site on Syrian mice. After 24 hours, an ointment prepared with MBC concentration was prepared from extracts of the nettle, watercress and burdock root for 1 g of silver sulfadiazine and was used to treat burns and infections with Staphylococcus aurous. In the animal model, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of nettle, watercress and burdock root have antimicrobial activity against growth of Staphylococcus aurous. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the extract of these three plants (nettle, watercress and burdock root) on an animal model has antimicrobial and healing effects on Staphylococcus aurous. It can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent or ointment Bacteria to be raised. In this case, the extract of nettle and burdock root have growth inhibitory and bactericidal activity stronger than watercress extract. And it is hoped that in the future, these plants will be used to treat bacterial infections

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The natural chemopreventive agent phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate (PEI) has been shown to inhibit cell growth in cancer cells. This natural antioxidant compound is derived primarily from watercress (Rorripa Nasturtium Aquaticum).
The objective of this original paper is to study the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of watercress hydroalcoholic extract on growth inhibition of breast cancer and normal cells.
In this experimental study, Watercress (Rorripa Nasturtium Aquaticum) plant were collected from Nour, Mazandaran, Iran and dried. Then the hydroalcoholic extract were obtained from dried specimen. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells have been treated with different concentrations of watercress extract (0 - 2 mg/mL) and after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation, cell viability test was performed through MTT Assay to investigate the inhibitory effect of watercress extract on cancer cells. The same test has been performed on Fibroblasts cells (HF2FF cell line) to investigate the effect of this extract on normal cells. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA method) followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test in SPSS 16 software.
The mean values of MDA-MB-231 cells viability treated with different concentrations of watercress extract have meaningful differences and the mean value of cell viability has been decreased meaningfully (P It is concluded that watercress (Rorripa Nasturtium Aquaticum) suppressed development of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a concentration dependent manner and it had not any meaningful impact on normal cells.

In the present study, the effect of Pullulan coating with watercress extract on the quality and shelf life of fresh beluga sturgeon fillet stored in a refrigerator over a period of 16 days was investigated. First, the watercress extract was extracted by ultrasound and soxhlet (solvent) method and the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extract (DPPH free radical activity test) were determined. The values of phenolic compounds for soxhlet extract were equal to 586.53 mg gallic acid per gram of dry weight and for ultrasonic extract was 879.57 mg/g dry weight and the antioxidant properties of watercress extracted by ultrasound were significantly higher than soxhlet method (p<0.05), so ultrasound extracts were added to the pullulan coating. Then, 4 treatments were included: control, pullulan coating, pullulan coating + watercress extract 500 ppm, pullulan coating + watercress extract 1000 ppm were analyzed by biochemical parameters such as peroxide value (PV), thiobarbithic acid (TBA), free fatty acid (FFA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH). The results showed, natural preservation delayed chemical spoilage in compared with control treatment (p<0.05). According to the results pullulan coating + watercress extract 1000 ppm significantly retarded lipid oxidation by decreasing peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid production in the samples and it had the lowest total volatile basic nitrogen and pH (p<0.05). The control treatment had only the allowed chemical range for up to 6 days, but the treatment containing pullulan coating + 1000 ppm extract had the allowed values until the end of the storage period. The final conclusion showed that the coating of pullulan with watercress extract could act as a natural antioxidant, delaying chemical degradation and prolonging the shelf-life of fish fillets.

This study was performed to determine Effect of short-term watercress supplementation on level of DNA damage after exhaustive exercise in non-athlete males.
Eighteen male non-athletes )range of age: 20-22 years, weight: 65-75 kg and height: 175-185 cm and VO2max: 38-42 ml/kg/min) in a randomized design were assigned in two supplement(n=8) (85gr/day raw watercress with 250ml water for 14 days)and placebo groups(n=10). After supplementation, all participants were participated in Bruce exhaustive exercise. The blood samples were taken in three phases (before and after the supplementation and after the exercise). The data (Mean ± SD) were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, Bunferoni and independent t-test (P≤0.05).
The results showed that a 14-day watercress supplementation significantly reduces basal 8-oxodG index in plasma (P›0.05). Moreover, this supplementation could reduce post- exercise 8-oxodG increase.
Results of the study indicate that watercress supplementation can reduce DNA damage due to severe physical exercise. However, since few studies have been conducted in this area, more research is needed.

Two RCD factorial experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of two aquatic plants including watercress and pennyroyal to biosorption of lead and cadmium from polluted water in hydroponic conditions. First factor was plant species (watercress and pennyroyal) and second factor was consist of lead (50, 100, 150 mg/L) and cadmium (3, 6, 9 mg/L) in first and second experiment respectively. Root and shoot of both plants dried in an electric oven at 48hrs and 50 ○C after 14 days. 0.2 gr of plant powdered samples used for assessment of lead and cadmium accumulation by atomic absorption The highest lead accumulation in roots of pennyroyal and watercress was obtained by concentrations of 150 and 100 mg/L in (185348 and 3261 mg/kg dry weight respectively). The highest lead accumulation in pennyroyal and watercress shoots was 295.5 and 201.5 mg/kg respectively. Low translocation factors in both plants (lead 0.06 and 0.002 respectively and cadmium 0.4 and 0.004 respectively) mean less transport of metal to shoots and more accumulation of them in root consequently. There is a privilege characteristic because harvest of aquatic plants and root/shoot separation is easy.

Very recent studies have reported positive effects of dietary nitrate on the oxygen consumption during exercise. This research aimed to study the effect of moderate dose of high-nitrate vegetables, watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and red radish (Raphanus sativus) compared with a control group on the incremental treadmill exercise test following a standard Bruce protocol controlled by computer. Group 1 consumed 100 g watercress (n=11, 109.5 mg nitrate/day), and group 2 consumed 100 g red radish (n=11, mg 173.2 mg nitrate/day) for seven days, and control group (n=14) was prohibited from high nitrate intake. During exercise, watercress group showed significant changes in the maximum values of Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) (p<0.05), End-Tidal O2 Fraction (FETO2) (p<0.05), and energy consumption from carbohydrate (p<0.01). Red radish group had a significant increase in the VCO2 (p<0.01), RER (p<0.01), VT (p<0.05), VCO2/kg (p<0.05), and energy consumption from carbohydrates (p<0.01). When all groups in the same workload were normalized by the subject’s body mass, watercress had a significant increase in the total expired CO2 (p<0.05), RER (p<0.05), FETO2 (p<0.05), and energy consumption from carbohydrates (p<0.05) compared with the control group. Similar comparison between red radish and control group revealed a significant increase during pre-test in the total CO2 production (p<0.05), VCO2 (p<0.05), RER (p<0.01), VT (p<0.05), and VCO2/kg (p<0.05). Current results indicate higher carbon dioxide production in the experimental groups in the same workload. This might have a negative impact on the exercise performance. Further investigations with controlled exercise program will be necessary.

Watercress (Nasturtium Officinale L.) is a perennial member of the Brassicaceae family. Previously، it has been revealed that oral administration of this plant has a significant effect on diabetic rats and they have also contained the lower level of serum triglyceride indicating the anti-diabetic properties of the plant. The present study was aimed to introduce the best watercress population in terms of the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic and vitamin C content for application in relevant industries such as pharmaceutical. In this study total phenolic and vitamin C content of different watercress populations were determined and their antioxidant activity was studied using the DPPH method. According to the results، Fashand (Alborz province) and Meimeh (Ilam province) exhibited the highest and the lowest antioxidant activity with the IC50 values of 70. 1 and 375 (µ g/ml)، respectively. The positive correlation observed in this study between the level of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity of tested samples indicates that the use of DPPH free radicals is one appropriate method for evaluation of antioxidant activity of methanol extracts. Watercress has a high level of antioxidant activity and Fashand population may be considered as the population with the highest antioxidant activity among tested populations.

Watercress is a leafy vegetable of the family Brassicaceae that grows in and around water, it has a short shelf life (approximately seven days) and it is consumed raw or steamed. The objective of this work was to study the effect of packaging film and different storage temperature on the postharvest quality of watercress minimally processed. Treatments were: packed with plain film (PD961EZ, 31mm thickness), non perforated and perforated (perforated area percentage 0.3%, hole diameter 1.1mm) and stored in refrigerated chambers at 1 ± 0.5 oC and 8 ± 2 oC (optimal storage temperature vs market temperature) for 10 days. Overall visual quality, gas concentration inside the packages, color Hunter lab parameters and weight loss were evaluated. Overall visual quality, gas concentration and weight loss were significantly affected by treatment, storage time and temperature. Color parameters did not show a clear tendency. In conclusion, non perforated PDZ 961 film was suitable for preserving watercress quality at the tested storage temperatures and in both temperatures, the overall visual quality was maintained above the limit values of commercial acceptability. The perforated film was no suitable for the packaging of watercress at any of the tested temperatures, mainly due to significant weight loss that reduce the overall visual quality of the product less than limit of acceptability by the consumers.