مجله به نژادی گیاهان زراعی و باغی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Combining ability، gene action، heritability and other genetic parameters in bread wheat under drought stress condition were evaluated using half diallel design. Nine wheat cultivars and 36 derived F1 assessed in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman research field in 2013. Evaluated genotypes showed high diversity for all traits. General combining ability (GCA) was highly significant for all traits and specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for all traits except stem angel. These results show the additive and non-additive effects on genetic control of these traits. Validity test of Hayman model showed the effect of epistasis on genetic control of all traits apart from stem angle. This dilemma makes breeding more obscure for these traits. Narrow heritability varied from 0. 06 for flag leaf angel to 0. 49 for stem angel. High Baker ratio، absent of epistasis and high narrow heritability show high response to selection in breeding programs for stem angel. Selection during segregation generation would be effective for this trait. Non-additive effects (dominant and epistasis) were highly important in genetic control of other traits. Bulk، single seed descent and double haploid methods are appropriate for these traits in breeding programs.

The genetic diversity of 48 wheat genotypes was studied by RAPD markers at 2012 in laboratory of Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding، University of Mohaghegh Ardebili. 10 primers from 70 used primers showed suitable banding patterns. These primers totally produced 73 polymorphic bands with mean 7. 3 for each primer. The number of bands for 55 and 59 primers were 5 and 11، respectively. The total numbers of polymorphic bands within varieties verified between 7-57 bands that mean of bands number were 0. 7 for ‘Azadi’ and 5. 7 for ‘Ghods’. There was remarkable diversity among varieties based on Nei’s gene variation index. The primers 30 and 18 had the highest (0. 408) and lowest (0. 226) genetic diversity، respectively. The cluster analysis on based of Nei’s distance and UPGMA method، distinguished four different groups. In this grouping، external varsities lied separately in second group. Thus، RAPD marker was successful in separating external from internal varsities. Based on principal coordinates analysis three coordinates accounted for only 61. 7 percent of variation which indicated the proper distribution of markers across wheat genome under study because of relatively low percentage determined by the three first coordinates.

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity some native populations of parsley Iran، 21 parsley populations which collected from different regions of Iran and cultured as an augmented design in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. in 2011-12. Some of morphological characteristics including (Time of emergence، plant height، fresh and dry weight، Seed weight، Chlorophyll content) and anti oxidant Properties (carotenoids، vitamin c، catalas and proxidase) of these populations were evaluated. The analysis of variance showed that there was significant differences between genotypes in morphological characteristics and carotenoid. The principal component analysis declared four components which accounted 68. 35 percent of total variation. Cluster analysis using the UPGMA classified populations to 3 main groups. The first group with shortest mean of emergence، highest mean fresh and dry weight per plant، and maximum amont of vitamin C and proxidase activity and catalase compared to other groups as compatible the populations are introduced in the Ahwaz conditions. A total can be of the diversity among the native populations of parsley as a valuable genetic resource for the breeding works.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity، relationship between morphological، agronomic and qualitative traits and to identify components of forage yield using some multivariate statistical methods in local sainfoin populations. The experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azerbaijan. Results indicated that correlation coefficients of forage yield with number of branches per main stem، number of leave and number of stem were significantly positive but with harvest index leaf and degree day emergence was significantly negative. Forage yield had no correlation with plant height but plant height was correlated with number of leave. Principal component analysis revealed six component which justified more than 76 percent of the total variation، and classified as “Yield”، “Dry weight”، “Plant size”، “Harvest index leaf”، “Morphological-phenological traits” and “Flowering rate”، respectively. On the basis of stepwise regression analysis، number of stem، plant height and number of leave justified the majority of hay yield variation. Hence، these characters could be use for selecting high yield cultivars. Thus، direct effect of these three traits on forage yield were calculated 0/726، 0/226 and -0/984 respectively by Path analysis. Finally، on the basis of the current result in this research compared with previous findings، it can be concluded that multivariate statistical methods can be useful to find relationships between quantitative characters in sainfoin.

Drought stress is one of the important environmental factors reducing grain yield of plants in arid and semiarid regions. Study the effect of water deficit stress on yield، water use efficiency and harvest index of sesame varieties، this experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications، at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in Parsabad، Ardebil Province، in 2008-2009. In this experiment، irrigation was allocated to the main factor at three levels (50، 75 and 100 percent of plant water requirement) and ten sesame varieties. The CROPWAT-4 software was applied to calculate the amount and time of irrigation (water requirements of plants) in studied irrigation regimes. Results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences between cultivars and irrigation regimes for grain، biological yield، harvest index، water use efficiency for grain and biological yield traits. Interaction between irrigation regimes and cultivars were significant on grain water use efficiency and harvest index traits. Comparisons of means showed that under water stress condition، the grain and biological yield were decreased and the value of water use efficiency for grain، biological yield and harvest index were increased. In irrigation treatment with amount of 50 percent plant water requirement، the amounts of harvest index، grain water use efficiency for grain and biological yield were greater than other tow treatments. ’Karaj 1‘، ’Ultan‘ and ’IS‘ varieties had the highest value and ’Indian 14‘ cultivar had the lowest value of biological yield، water use efficiency used for grain and biological yield. Therefore، ’Karaj 1‘، ’Ultan‘ and ’IS‘ varieties due to high yield، water use efficiency for grain and biological yield had ability to growing in water deficit regions.

To study genetic diversity and drought tolerance in sesame genotypes، an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2010-2011 was conducted at the Agricultural Research Field، University of Birjand under stress and non-stress conditions. The aim of this study was the testing of yield، tolerance index and bi-plot analysis. Materials included genotypes Birjand، Khusf، Torbate-jam، Safi-Abad، Darab 1، Darab 14، Bandar Abbas، Yellowite، Dashtestan 2، Dashtestan 5، Line 2 and Line TN234. The irrigation was carried in 100 and 200 mm evaporation of A class pan in normal and stress conditions respectively. The compound analysis of variance showed that the genotypes were different in the most traits except for capsule length، capsule width and the number of capsules. The drought stress was affected on the most traits except for capsule length، capsule width. Mean comparisons showed that the genotypes Bandar Abbas and Darab 1 have the highest and Safiabad and Darab 14 lines have the lowest YP. The genotypes Darab 1 and Line TN234 have highest and the genotypes Birjand and Darab 14 have the lowest YS. The maximum damage of drought stress was on the capsule number، economic yield، leaf number and harvest index and the minimum damage were on the auxiliary branch number، seed weight، capsule weight، plant height and biomass. Correlation analysis showed that STI، GMP، MP and Harm are appropriate and selection on their identified darab1 and TN234 line as desirable genotypes.

A partial set of diallel crosses conducted among seven bread wheat genotypes contain (Gasspard،M86-4،M86-6،DN-11،WS82-9 and M86-12) along with 21 hybrid، based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replication were evaluated. The experiment was accomplished in a research field of agriculture and natural research center of Tehran Province in 2012-2013 in order to study genetic analysis of yield and some related traits like، grain number spike-1، plant height، grain yield،، kernel weight-1، peduncle length-1 non -fertile floret، and day to flowering. Significant (p≤0. 0l) differences were observed among genotypes for all the studied traits. The fitness of an additive-dominance model was accompanying for traits like: kernel weight، grain yield. However، for the remaining trait، when one parent was excluded، the assumptions were fulfill. Based on the estimates of average degree of dominance and result of graphical analysis gene action for the، plant height، kernel weight and number of non -fertile floret in the spike was partial dominance، while days to heading and grain yield were controlled by over dominance gen action. Broad -sense heritability estimates ranged from 51 Percent for grain yield to 75 Percent for days to heading. Narrows- sense heritability estimates ranged from 28 Percent for (grain yield to 48 Percent for grain number. Spike-1. The WS82-9 had the highest GCA effects for، grain yield،، kernel weight plant height and peduncle length and the DN-11 line and Chamran cultivar had the highest positive and significant differences for the number of grain spike-1 and kernel weight respectively. So this parents can be used for identifications and introduction of new bread wheat varieties in breeding programs. The hybridization of the 2 × 1 and 3 × 5 showed the highest values (sij) for number of grains per spike-1 and kernel weight-1 (yield two important components) respectively.

Almond is one of the most important species of genus prunus. Most almond cultivars and genotypes are Self-incompatible and some of others are cross-incompatible. In this study compatibility and frequency pollen tube penetrate in the ovary were performed in three groups. The first group included the genotype A9. 7 as female parent and Tuono with genotypes A230، A10. 11، A8. 39 as male parents، the second group contained Tuono as the female parents، the Sahand cultivar with genotypes A230، A1. 16 and A9. 7 as male parents and third group included Shokofeh cultivar as the female parent with genotypes Sahand،Tuono and A230، A1. 16 as male parent were. 120 hours after controlled crosses، pistils fertilized with different pollens، isolated and the frequency of pollen tube growth was evaluated by Florescence microscope in different parts of pistils. Results showed that crosses ♂A9. 7×♀ Tuono (mean 3. 33 pollen tube penetrates in the ovary) ♂A 8. 39 ×♀ A9. 7 (average 4. 33، pollen tube penetrates in the ovary) and ♀A1. 16 × ♀Shokofeh (average of 4. 33pollen tube penetrates in the ovary) highest number of pollen tubes penetrated to ovary and so they are very compatible for orchard establishment and crossing programs. With respect to compatibility and percentage of fruit set in Crosses، to achieve optimum performance can of pollinizer A9. 7، A1. 16 and Sahand In order to female parent Tuono، A9. 7 and Shokofeh were used.

Aegilops triuncialis L. (2n=4x=28; CtCtUtUt) is one of the tetraploid Aegilops species harboring valuable genes for resistance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study the bread wheat cultivars MV17، Navid، Omid، Pishgam، Zarin were crossed with an accession of Ae. triuncialis and the resulted F1 and F2 (obtained by the selfing of F1 plants) hybrids studied using the conventional cytogenetic methods. The crossability (seed set per pollinated floret) of whet cultivars was significantly different with an average of 46. 24 percent. Chromosome counting confirmed the presence of 35 (n=5x=35; ABDUtCt) chromosomes in a sample of F1 seeds. The mean frequency of F2 seeds (per floret) was 3. 54 percent. The F2 seeds fell in two distinct classes of shrank and smooth seeds. Chromosome counting in root tip cells revealed 40-70 chromosomes in a sample of F2 seeds، indicating the ocurance spontaneous amphiploid (2n=10x=70; AABBDDUtUtCtCt) formation in F2 generation. Induced polyploidy using colchicine was also successful in one of the treated F1 seeds، producing 70 chromosome seeds. Study of the metaphase I of the meiosis in F1 hybrids on average revealed 7 rod bivalents and 21 univalents in each Pollen Mother Cell (PMC). F1 seeds generally matured 30 days later than that of their wheat parents. The frequency of BC1F1 seeds resulting from crossing of F1 with the wheat parent was about 1. 27 percent which was lower than F2 seed frequency.

comparison and grouping of 32 grape cultivars and genotypes by using 61 traits including; 5 phenological and vegetative characters، 41 traits related to fruit and amount of resveratrol in 15 parts of plant was done according to grape descriptor and related methods. According to the results some traits such as spikelet weight، berry color، length of peduncle، length of berry tail، weight and length of seed and amount of cis &trans-resveratrol in seeds of ripe and unripe fruit had high coefficient of variation. Simple correlation coefficients between traits indicated the existence of significant، positive as well as negative correlations among some important vegetative، bunch، berry and seed measured traits. Cluster analysis at Euclidean distance of 25، divided all cultivars and genotypes into two main branches and characters such as time of berry ripening، tendril density، thickness of berry skin، weight of spikelet peduncle، Length of berry tail and amount of cis-resveratrol in berry were effective in separation of cultivars and genotypes. With decrease in the Euclidean distance from 25 to 5، the cultivars and genotypes were divided into six main subclusters and traits such as growth vigor، bunch size، berry density in bunch، anthocyanin coloration of berry، TSS، thickness of berry skin، ratio of bunch weight to spikelet weight، bunch length and ratio of bunch length to bunch width were important factor in separation of main clusters. Based on the results، cultivars and genotypes including ‘Kyoho’، ‘Ahmad Mowla''ii’، ‘Aangoshte Aros’، ‘Keshmeshi sefid’، ‘Keshmeshi ghermez’، ‘Asgari’Tehran’ and ‘Genotype1-row1’ in some of the important traits such as late flowering habit، TSS and storage، table grape and amount of protein and resveratrol were better than the other cultivars and genotypes.