International Journal of Health Studies
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Apr-Jun 2016

Campylobacter jejune and C. coli are recognized as the most common bacteriological causes of gastroenteritis in humans. In this study Identification of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli from samples using PCR was explored.
Detection was performed using diarrheal samples collected 8 from 117 children. The genomic DNA of samples was extracted by phenol-chloroform method. All DNA extracts were examined for the presence of C.jejuni and C.coli species based on PCR method.
Of 117 diarrheal samples, 35 (29.9%) were found positive for 10 Campylobacter spp using PCR.
The results of this study showed that PCR is effective for rapidly screening stool samples for Campylobacter spp, due to its high sensitivity and specificity.

Previous studies on the relationship between sleep patterns and obesity in the elderly are limited and have conflicting results. Moreover, few studies have measured sleep patterns objectively. In this study, we investigated objective sleep patterns and their relationship with obesity in the elderly in Tehran, Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, 88 elderly (≥60 years old) who were members of health homes of zone 5 in Tehran, Iran, were included by simple random sampling method in 2014. Sleep patterns were objectively assessed using waist actigraphy for a mean of 4.3 ± 1.7 days). Height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured by standard methods and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Data entry and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.
Mean actigraphy-assessed sleep duration, sleep efficiency (percentage of time in bed spent sleeping), and sleep latency (time required to fall asleep) were 427 ± 62 min, 71.3 ± 18%, and 14.2 ± 3.8 min, respectively. A negative relationship was found between BMI and sleep duration (r = −0.2, p = 0.03), BMI and sleep efficiency (r = −0.3, p=0.01), and WC and sleep efficiency (r = −0.2, p = 0.04). Also, a positive association was observed between BMI and sleep latency (r = 0.4, p = 0.006).
In the elderly, actigraphy-assessed sleep duration was associated with obesity and the sleep efficiency was poor in obese participants. It seems that sleep patterns and BMI are correlated with each other. However, there is a need for prospective studies to affirm causal relationships between these constructs.

Workers exposed to organic solvents are at risk of developing chronic central nervous system disorders. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the neurobehavioral effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents among pharmaceutical laboratory workers.
The study groups consisted of 78 laboratory workers as the exposed group and 98 office workers as unexposed controls. The subjects were studied with the World Health Organization neurobehavioral core test battery (WHO-NCTB) by running Simple Reaction Time (SRT), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and Purdue Pegboard tests.
The SRT and BVRT test scores were poorer among the laboratory workers. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups for the Purdue Pegboard Test.
The results of this study suggest that occupational exposure to organic solvents could induce a neurobehavioral deficiency in pharmaceutical laboratory workers. Therefore, objective neurobehavioral tests should be used for assessing the relation between exposure and effect and also as a guide for establishing standards in the control of workplace exposure.

Burn injuries and their complications are still considered major threats to society’s health standards. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile, outcome, and factors associated with children’s burn injuries in Shahroud (northeastern Iran).
This cross-sectional study was performed over a three-year period (2013–2015) on children 12 years and under who were admitted to Imam Hossein Hospital in Shahroud with burn injuries. In this study, we reviewed medical records of hospitalized burn patients, and an analysis was performed using SPSS software.
Of the 195 patients, 111 cases (56.9%) were male and the rest were female. The mean age was 6.34 ± 5.32 years (0–12 years). The highest proportion of burn injuries were in the 5- to 8-year-old group (47.2%), and the most common environment in which burn injuries occurred was the home (72.3%). The most common cause of burns was a hot liquid (56.9%). The mean TBSA was 20.11 ± 10.5% and the mean LHS was 9.81 ± 3.85 days. The most frequent burn areas were the upper limbs (46.6%), and second-degree burns were the most common type (48.2%). The mortality rate was 10.8%.
The results of this study show that burn injuries in the pediatric population most commonly occur at home from a hot liquid, resulting in second-degree burns on upper-limb areas. So a large percentage of them are preventable with a little attention.

The prevalence of obesity in the elderly is increasing worldwide. Obesity greatly impacts quality of life(QoL). The present study aimed to investigate the association between obesity and QoL among the elderly, in Tehran, Iran.
This cross-sectional study (observational) was conducted in 2014 in Tehran, Iran. A total of 421 elderly people aged ≥ 60 years old were recruited using simple random sampling methods. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured by standard methods; body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight. QoL was evaluated by the Persian language version of the SF-36 questionnaire.The alpha value was set at 0.05 to indicate the statistical significant level. Independent samples t-tests and Chi-square tests were used for comparing the quantitative and categorical variables, respectively. One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukeys’ post-hoc test, was used to compare mean scores of SF-36 scales between BMI groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used for investigating the relationship between SF-36 scores and anthropometric parameters.
The mean age of participants was 77.6 ± 8.6 years. The frequency of obesity and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) was 59.4% (57.2% in males and 60.6% in females). Except for the mental health scale, for all other SF-36 scale mean scores, participants with overweight or obesity had lower scores compared to their normal weight counterparts (p The results of present study persist on importance of preserving normal weight on improving quality of life in elderly. Although the observed association in this study was bidirectional and prospective studies are needed to investigate the cause and effect relationship.

Post-cesarean section analgesia improves functional ability of the mother and her interaction with the infant. Pharmacological methods such as painkillers and narcotics are commonly used to reduce post-cesarean section pain. However, due to the complications of current pharmacological therapies, the use of non-pharmacological methods is currently receiving special attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LI4 acupressure on reducing post-cesarean section pain.
In this randomized clinical trial, 108 women who were admitted to Fatemiyeh Hospital in Shahroud and had undergone cesarean section were randomly selected and, based on blocks of four, were divided into two groups (acupressure on LI4) and control (touch at the same point). The intervention at LI4 point was made for 20 minutes immediately after full consciousness of the cases and the control group received only touch on this point. Pain intensity in the two groups was measured with a visual analog scale (VAS) before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, 60, and 120 minutes following the intervention. The dose and frequency of narcotics and analgesics taken by the two groups was also measured.
There was no significant difference in pain intensity between the two groups prior to the intervention (P = 0.87). Additionally, there were no significant differences between the groups in pain intensity scores immediately, 60, and 120 minutes after intervention (P > 0 .05).
LI4 acupressure was not effective in reducing post-cesarean section pain.

Metformin is used a drug to lower blood sugar in patients with type II diabetes. Recent research showed that metformin effects on cancer cell growth. Studies show that metformin can induce apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines. In this study examined the effect of metformin on apoptosis in T47D breast cancer cell lines.
T47D breast cancer cell line selected and were purchased from the Pasteur Institute (Tehran - Iran). Cells at 24, 48 and 72 hours were treated by doses 5, 10, 50μM of metformin. The transcription levels of genes involved in apoptosis: Caspase 3 , 8, 9 and PARP-1 was evaluated by real time PCR.
The results of this study showed that at all three doses (5, 10, 50μM) of metformin and at three times (24, 48 and 72 h), the expression of Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 were increased. Also metformin at 48 and 72 hours in any given three doses increases the expression of PARP-1 but at 24 hours on the expression of PARP-1 is not effective.
The result indicates that in none of the three doses and times, metformin on expression of Caspase 3 is not effective. This study showed that metformin by increasing the transcription of genes Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 causes cell death through apoptosis.

Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of chronic gastritis especially metabolic syndrome patients. Using accessible and easy methods of diagnosis and treatment of infections with this organism. This study compared two methods of histology and serology for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in metabolic syndrome patients has been conducted.
This study was done on 175 metabolic syndrome patients with dyspepsia; referred to Shahroud Imam Hossain hospital which of conducted in 2014. From each patient, with endoscopy were taken standard biopsy and serology test. According to statistic have Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive.
Of the 175 patients were studied, 90 (51.4%) were male and 85 (48.6%) were female. The mean patient age was 46.9± 18.6 years. From 175 patients, positive serology test were 114 patients (65.1%), and positive histology test were in 149 (85.3%) patients. For serological test, sensitivity was 66.4%, specificity was 42.3%, positive predictive value was 86.8% and negative predictive value was 18.1%. It was also found that, IgG values higher than 1.3 with a sensitivity of 90.7% and specificity of 72.8% was considered positive test. The cutoff point performance test means that was maximum at this point with the AUC: 78.3%, is the highest sensitivity and specificity.
Due to the relative sensitivity and specificity of serological tests in comparison with other diagnostic methods as well as simplicity, speed and low cost of this test, it is recommended that this test be used for metabolic syndrome patients screening.