Focus on Science
Volume:3 Issue: 2, Apr-Jun 2017

Macrosomia in diabetic pregnancy is an ubiquitous finding and implies both maternal and fetal issues. Its incidence surpasses other critical obstetrical morbidity in diabetic pregnancy with increased placental size and polyhydramnios as comorbidity. The studies on the underlying factors contributing to macrosomia have focused on growth stimuli like IGF, glycemia, and insulin and their effects on regional organ function. IGF-I and –II in maternal serum are associated with birth weight and the bioavailabiliy is modulated by IGF- binding-proteins (IGFBP) and phosporylated isoforms of IGFBP and the presence of proteases and IGF split products. Human placental growth hormone regulates the effect of IGF-I in pregnancy.
The literature on the IGF system′s possible effect on fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy is reviewed before our current studies and updated with respect to later findings. Regulation on bioavailability by proteolysis and phosporylation is described. The review discusses briefly the studies on pregnant women with type 1 diabetes with respect to vasculopathy.
The data show good correlation of IGF-1/2 levels with birth weight. No such correlation with IGFBP-1 and -3 is found. Fetal growth deviation in diabetic pregnancy is not uniform. In first trimester, growth delay is documented in fetal growth curves compared to non-diabetic controls. Accordingly, a shift in IGF-IGFBP regulation in second trimester is found with less proteolysis of IGFBPs and relative increase in total binding capacity. In third trimester, free IGF further increases as IGFBP binding decreases by proteolysis and modulation. The first trimester values may be used as predictor of fetal weight at term. Diabetic women show a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity during pregnancy as compared to post-partum values.
Prominent proteolysis of binding proteins and the modulation by insulin account for the mechanism leading to macrosomia. The two factors combined guarantee the stimulation by more bioavailable IGF and the glycemic levels reveal whether insulin dose are optimal. Structural factors of diabetes i.e. microangiopathy further modulate the sum of effects on fetal growth. In contrast to macrosomia, fetal growth restriction is associated with prominent maternal vascular endothelial complications, such as overt nephropathy, proliferative retinopathy, preeclampsia, and hypertension. In parallel to the growth inhibition, stimulatory effects are exerted by the GH axis including the placental growth hormones and occur probably as compensatory mechanism, similar to the increased IGFBP-3 proteolysis in late pregnancy found in growth retardation. This influence may in part explain the disproportionate growth in different tissue components occurring in the various stages of diabetic pregnancy.

Invertase is the key enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism, which catalyzes the sucrose hydrolysis. In this study, we investigated a functional role of the apoplastic invertase (cell-wall invertase) on sugars distribution in vegetative organs and cell compartments of potato plants in vitro.
Our study was carried out with potato (S. tuberosum L., cv. Désirée) plants and the line which expressed the suc2 gene of S. cerevisiae under control of the tuberspecific patatin B33-promoter of class I with an N-end-connected potato proteinase II inhibitor signal peptide, which provides apoplastic localization of yeast invertase. The suc2 gene expression were shown using RT-PCR. The results of Ds-Na-PAGE of apoplast proteins from leaves and MALDI-TOF MS analysis indicate the presence of the yeast invertase in the apoplastic space of the transgenic potato plants. The content of fructose and sucrose was determined according to Roe. The glucose content was determined by the glucose oxidase method.
The integrated target suc2 gene encodes the invertase of yeast with an N-endconnected potato proteinase II inhibitor signal peptide, which provides apoplastic localization of foreign invertase.
Transformation of potato plants resulted in accumulation of fructose in the apoplast, sucrose and glucose in the leaves, and especially, glucose in roots and microtubers. It is indicative of regulatory function of cell-wall invertase that could be found some application in medical, biological and pharmaceutical engineering.

Dysgraphia (disorder in dictation, disorder of written expression) is considered as one of common disorders among students, where there are different methods on how to cope with and treat it. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Neurofeedback (NFB) Training Method and Fernald’s multi sensory approach on students’ dictation disorder in Rafsanjan city in 2015.
Twenty six students (age 7-11 years), suffering from dysgraphia, were selected using convenience sampling method from those who referred to Rafsanjan’s Javaneh Consultation Center and randomly divided into two groups, neurofeedback and Fernald. Initially, we conducted a dictation test (pretest) and Raven’s Progressive Matrices. The students that their dictations score were 50/100 or lower enrolled to study. In the NFB group, we applied 15 sessions of neurofeedback training in areas C3 and C4 to strengthen the SMR waves, whereas the second group received 15 sessions of training using Fernald’s multi-sensory approach. Then, both groups were participated in a dictation test at the end of their training processes. Finally, data analyzed by using independent and paired t-test and Cohen′s effect size.
The mean score of dictation in NFB and Fernald groups were 34.2 ± 3.87 and 32.9 ± 4.66 respectively. The difference was not significance (P=0.043). The mean scores of dictation in posttest in NFB and Fernald groups were higher than pretest. The difference was significance (P The results of our study indicated that each of both Fernald and neurofeedback training methods can be used to improve dictation performance among students suffered from dictation disorder, where depending upon students’ circumstances and parents’ choice, the process of selecting an appropriate method out of these methods can be proceeded.

Zhangye, a city of the Province of Gansu, China was choose as the location for the experiment. After conducting health screening and blood tests, 30 patients with cardiovascular disease and 40 healthy persons were joined up as case and control groups, respectively. The cold air’s effects on cardiovascular disease were studied by examining blood pressure and some biochemical indicators of them.
The experiment was carried out in the time of cold air exposure on April 27–28, 2013. Blood lipid, whole blood viscosity, cardiac troponin I, myoglobin (Mb), and endothelin-1 in all subjects were evaluated 24 h before (morning of April 26, 2013), during (temperature dropped to the lowest at 7:00 am–8:00 am, April 28, 2013), and 24 h after cold exposure. The variations in each biochemical indicator were analyzed before the cold exposure, during it, and after it.
Results showed that the cold air exposure increased low and midst shear of whole blood viscosity and the low and high shear of whole blood reduced viscosity. This phenomenon led to excessive blood clotting and high aggregation and viscosity state in cardiovascular disease patients and healthy subjects. In addition, cold air exposure evidently increased serum triglyceride and especially lower density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased higher density apolipoprotein and lipoprotein cholesterol. These indicators cause blood viscosity and increase in cholesterol and platelet granules, which are deposited in the vascular wall, thus further aggravating atherosclerosis. During cold air exposure, the concentration of vascular endothelin-1 significantly increased. Moreover, Mb and cardiac troponin I gradually increased and caused vasoconstriction and damage to myocardial cells. The main The cold air can affect both patients with cardiovascular disease and people in healthy subjects. Firstly, cold air’s effects can make excessive blood clotting and high aggregation and viscosity state and this can affect the blood rheology. Secondly, the cold air can promote the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Thirdly, the cold air can vasoconstriction and damage to myocardial cells.
When cold air transit formed by special meteorological conditions, the blood flow, blood lipid and myocardial serum markers were produced significant adverse effects, the cold air can cause disease of heart head blood-vessel crowd development.

With due attention to the relationship between bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infection and treatment of gynecologic problems occur when a high recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is often treated with antibiotics. The purpose of this study is to inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on E.coli isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.
96 samples from women with bacterial vaginosis discharge referred to health centers department Shahid Beheshti University in 91-92 were taken with a dacron swab and put in sterile tubes containing TSB and thioglycollate broth. Afterward, culture was transferred on blood agar, EMB, Palcam and Differential diagnosis environments. Strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri were cultured in MRS environment and were transferred to the lab. After purification of E.coli, inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on E.coli is checked. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software v.16.
The results of this study demonstrate inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on Ecoli that is one of the causes bacterial vaginosis is 20% and 30%, respectively.
Our findings indicated the little inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on E.coli that is one of the cause bacterial vaginosis. The results of this study, the hypothesis that inhibit the growth of this Gram-negative pathogen causing bacterial vaginosis is not supported by probiotics.

Schizophrenia is the most common cause of Folie à trios. We intend to report a case of Folie à trios (three members of the same family) and delusional disorder by proxy in a family who were referred to psychiatrist.
This report presents a 50-year-old female with congenital blindness plus her daughters were hospitalized in psychiatric service. The woman shared persecutory, poisoning and being control delusion with her 23 and 17-year-old daughters and then they were isolated because their delusions. They responded to treatment follow electroconvulsive therapy.
We suggest that Folie à trios can induced by patients with sensory deficits and low educated.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are rare sarcomas derived from peripheral nerves or their sheaths. Head and neck region involvement in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors has been reported in only 15% of cases.
A 45-year-old man presented to us because of left forehead area swelling. Computed tomography scan demonstrated a mass originating from left frontal sinus which was associated with bone destruction and soft tissue invasion. Post-operative histopathologic studies and immunohistochemical analysis of the lesion, confirmed «malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor» as a diagnosis.
This case provides evidence that, although rare, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can occur in frontal sinus. Combination of microscopic and immunohistochemical analysis is required for diagnosis of MPNSTs.