نشریه روانشناسی معاصر
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پاییز 1395)

Substance abuse is a maladaptive pattern of substance use appearing through recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances. The aim of the present study was to examine the predicting role of impulsiveness and ego strength in medicinal, motivational and combined (medicinal-motivational) treatment of substance use disorder. For this purpose, 180 participations referred to 3 drug rehabilitation center and randomely assigened in each treatment group. All participants were asked to complete Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and Ego Strength Scale (ESS) before startine the programmes. The results were analysed for the final number of participants in each group including medicinal (45), motivational (39), and combined (43). It was shown that the outcomes of the medicinal and mixed treatments were predicted by impulsiveness following 3 and 6 months interventions. Impulsiveness could not be able to predict results of the motivational intervention. It was also showed that the outcomes of the three models of treatment were predicted by ego strength following 3 and 6 months interventions. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that considering influential psychological factors on addiction such as impulsiveness and ego strength, makes prevetional, diagnostic and therapeutic programmes more effective for substance use disorder.

Obsessive compulsive disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders that has a great impact on performance and quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy in group and individual design on obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, subsequent to primary clinical assessment and obtaining study requirements were selected and randomly assigned to individual therapy (n = 10), group therapy (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). The experimental groups received 10 metacognitive therapy sessions on a weekly basis. Data collection tool was Yale –Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), which was performed in pretest, posttest and one month follow up. Results showe that metacognitive therapy in group and individual design are effective in reducing of obsessive-compulsive and depression symptoms and metacognitive therapy in comparison with the control group causes significant reduction in obsessive-compulsive and depression symptoms in the patients at the post-test stage. There was no significant difference between group therapy and individual therapy. Therapeutic achievements were maintained at the follow-up stage. Based on the results of this study, metacognitive therapy is effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and can be used in a group and individual design to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The present study investigated the effect of happiness and sadness emotions on children decision making strategies and duration of decision making. The participants were 54 children, 5 to 6 years old, (27 boys and 27 girls) selected from Shiraz preschools. Participants, randomly, assigned in one of the groups of happiness emotion, sadness emotion and control. Animation was used for induction emotions in experimental groups. To assess the excitement of the questionnaire (X-PANAS) was used. Results showed that emotional conditions havent significant effects on children's decision making strategies. Gender had significant effect on children's decision making strategies. Boys had higher score in decision making strategies than girls. Additionally result indicated that emotional conditions have significant effects on children's decision making duration. Decision making duration in sadness group was lower than control group. Gender hadnt significant effect on decision making duration. This study provided further insight into relationship between emotion and decision making in children.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of word length and font type of eye movement (fixation, saccade, regression) during reading Persian familiar and unfamiliar passages. 29 female students of Shahid Beheshti University Education & Psychology Faculty participated in this study. Stimuli consisted of four different texts consisting of familiar text-lotus font, familiar-pen font, unfamiliar text-lotus font and unfamiliar-pen font. For data collection, the SMI-RED-120Hz eye tracking device was used. Results showed that word length had a significant effect on eye movement (fixation, saccade) and also passage type (familiar and unfamiliar passages) had significant effects on eye movement (fixation, saccade, regression). Font type had no significant effect on eye movement (fixation, saccade, regression). But passages type had a significant effect on eye movement (fixation, saccade, regression), and interaction between word length variable and font type variable, and passages type had significant effects on eye movement. As a result, word length and font type, and passage type had an impact on eye movement.

Biological aspects of personality have an important influence on the individual’s psychological dimensions and moral decision making and cognitive abilities can be affected by these dimensions. The aim of the present study was to investigate moral decision making and executive functions based on morning and evening personality types in adolescents. For this purpose, Initially 362 adolescent students in the city of Hamedan were selected by using multi-stage cluster sampling and the Morning and Evening Preference Types Questionnaire (MEQ) was administered to them. Of these, 51 participants were selected for the second stage based on their scores on the MEQ so that participants were divided into morning preference, evening preference and an intermediate group. Finally, seven components related to executive functions (EF) and also personal and impersonal moral decisions (PIMJ) were evaluated. Results indicated significant differences among executive functions and impersonal moral decisions based on the types of morning and evening preference. So that, individuals with morning preference and evening preference types were superior in some aspects of executive function compared to the intermediate group. In impersonal moral decision making evening preference participants had higher scores compared to Morning preference types. No significant differences were found in personal moral decision making. It seems that biological aspects of personality play an important role in executive functions and decisions.

The looming maladaptive style is a cognitive variable that increases the individual’s vulnerability to anxiety. Looming cognitive style is assessed by the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R). This study investigated the structure, validity, consistency, and stability of a Farsi translation of the LMSQ-R in a sample of Iranian students. Three hundred and forty three students (152 men, 190 women) were included in this study. The participants completed the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire-Revised (LMSQ-R), the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and the Depression scale of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42). Results provided evidence from factor analyses confirming a two-factor model of this scale (social and physical threat). Also, the results of partial correlations for assessing convergent and discriminant validity showed that LMSQ-R was independently associated with symptoms of generalized and social anxiety but it was not independently associated with depression. Furthermore, The LMSQ-R exhibited a good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. With respect to the findings of the present study, the Farsi version of the LMSQ-R has shown good psychometric properties in Iranian samples.