نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1396)

The present study aims to identify the requirements of passive defense in national communications network against cyber threats, and the researcher seeks to answer this question that what requirements of passive defense in national communications network against cyber threats are. The research hypothesis is that requirements of passive defense in national communications network against cyber threats include hardware and software necessities. This is an applied research, and its method is descriptive-analytic. Data were collected using researcher-made questionnaire and field and library studies. The study population included managers, specialists and experts who are familiar with national communication network, cyber threats, principles and fundamentals of passive defense and their level of education is higher than master’s degree and they have a minimum of 10 years of related work experience. Sample size was estimated 100 using complete enumeration method. Research results indicate that hardware requirements of national communication network with passive defense approach in dealing with related cyber threats include use of indigenous equipment, such as local infrastructures, indigenous information storage, equipment for indigenous sending and receiving and hardware requirements, and use of indigenous software such as software for sending and receiving information and files, antiviruses and firewalls.

Passive defense as an important factor in increasing urban security is considered as a new approach that its nature is based on increasing security level using non-military methods. In this regard, proper planning and management are raised as the most important factors to increase security level and reduce vulnerabilities. This research aims to evaluate vulnerability of demonstration routes and their use with passive defense approach. The area studied includes ten demonstration routes in the city of Qom. These routes are located in all over the city, and eventually are terminated in a common point that is Motahari Square (the city center). This is an applied research and research method is analytic and survey. Functions of routes were categorized after collecting field data and then routes and their functions vulnerability in the time of crisis were calculated using grading formula. The research results indicate that in determining the vulnerability of demonstration routes based on length indicator, path number one (Zanbilabad Square, Sadoughi Street) with 5.9 km, and based on total score indicator, path number nine (Saeidi, Square, Ememzadeh Ebrahim Street) with 18.2 score were identified as the most vulnerable demonstration routes in the city of Qom. Also, banks, credit and financial institutions and commercial centers have been highly vulnerable in the time of crisis; offices and public and private organs are moderately vulnerable.

Oil and gas refineries and petrochemical industries are resources that high and considerable sensitivity is applied over them in terms of safety and environmental protection in developed countries of the world, and according to environmental standards, establishment and construction of refineries within residential areas of the city without any environmental studies and assessments and with no confirmation of Environmental Protection Agency are not allowed. Urban development and population density have led to this issue that distance between existing refineries (including Tehran oil refinery) and residential areas has been reduced. Hence, the main purpose of this research is to identify damages and threats caused by Tehran oil refinery and their impact on environmental security in Tehran. The research main question: What effects have damages and threats caused by Tehran oil refinery on environmental security in Tehran? The research main hypothesis: Internal manmade disasters and external risks in the form of damages and threats caused by Tehran oil refinery affect environmental security of Tehran. This is an applied research and its method is descriptive. Data were collected using library and field studies. Research tool was questionnaire that its validity and reliability were respectively achieved by experts’ confirmation and Cronbach’s alpha. The study population included all employees with at least 10 years of work experience in the Ministry of Petroleum and managerial positions, elites and experts of Ministry of Petroleum, especially in HSE field that have priority to others, and their number was estimated 110. Sample size was determined 86 using Cochran formula and random sampling. The research results indicate that the most important damages cause by Tehran oil refinery that can affect environmental security of Tehran respectively include “emission of toxic substances and gases” and “ lack of required training among employees and occurring human errors”; and most important threats caused by Tehran oil refinery are respectively as follows: “ground invasion”, “economic threats” and “air strikes”.

Management of social crises in different societies is not the same and is influenced by great variables such as ruling political system, security culture and the threshold of tolerance of the government and is, in essence, complex and largely grounded in the conceptual system of the political and security elite of the country. The purpose of this study is to explain how to organize in times of social crises in order to prevent its expansion and Securitization. And this research is an applied one an analytical-descriptive method is used, and the researcher seeks to answer the question of how the organization has a role in managing social crises. The statistical population of the present study consists of 40 knowledgeable experts in management and crisis, and according to a limited number, all members of the statistical society were used as sample size. After collecting data, a questionnaire consisting of 16 questions about the research variables was prepared and after distributing and collecting the questionnaires, responses were analyzed using SPSS software and Chi-square test. And the results confirmed the hypothesis of this study. The results of the research indicate that the organization in the pre-start stages (prediction, prevention, preparation) beginning stages (warning and immunity, preliminary assessment and resource mobilization, rapid response) during stages (relief, rescue, special operations, containment) and post-crisis stages (recovery, reconstruction, Learning) plays an effective role in preventing the escalation of social crises and becoming a security issue.

Given the definition of passive defense and soft warfare and its nature, the purpose of this study is to investigate reducing the social vulnerability by preventive measures. As social harm, especially addiction and divorce, is considered a non-security phenomenon in various human societies, but if it is not controlled at this stage, it will become as an upgraded semi-security problem, and Finally, it can threaten the target community as a security crisis, which requires that the ruling establishment of any society, by using the principles of passive defense, control them in the stage of the phenomenon and not allow its growth and crisis. In terms of its nature and objectives, this research is an applied one and a correlation method was used for its implementation. The statistical population of this study consisted of 150 elite of Hamadan in 2015 and by Cochran formula 110 people were selected as the sample size. Regarding the research objectives, the tool for collecting information is a questionnaire to examine the attitudes and beliefs of elites about the functioning of cultural centers in reducing social vulnerabilities (addiction and divorce). The questionnaire consisted of 27 questions and 4 dimensions including: facilities, advertising, planning and audience attraction, 16 questions were about addiction and 11 other questions were about divorce. To analyze the data from the questionnaires, three sections of the demographic information were analyzed and questions and research hypotheses were analyzed. The results showed that there is a positive, desirable, and moderate relationship between the function of cultural centers and the reduction of tendency toward divorce. Moreover, there is a positive, desirable and above-average level relationship between the function of cultural centers and the reduction of a tendency for addiction.