فصلنامه تحقیقات بازاریابی نوین
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 32، بهار 1398)

An international ecosystem of marketing is a network of different actors whose success and survival depend on each other. This concept implies that organizations should not be considered as separate actors but as part of an ecosystem. The main objective of the current research is to design an international marketing ecosystem for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In fact, this study was designed to identify the main actors of the international marketing ecosystem for small and medium-sized enterprises. The methodology used in this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of this study is Tehran's small and medium-sized enterprises which have an experience in international markets. The statistical sample of this research is also experts and professors who are familiar with the topic of this research and managers with experince of small and medium-sized companies which were identified through snowball sampling technique. In the qualitative phase, the grounded theory method has been used. A total of 126 codes were identified in the form of sentences, pseudo-sentences, and words. The afforementioned codes are categorized into 24 concepts and 7 categories that include the following seven categories as major players in the international marketing ecosystem for small and medium enterprises: government, capital, market, nongovernmental organizations, infrastructures, culture, and educational institutions. In the quantitative part, for the confirmation of identified elements in the territory of the international marketing ecosystem, a researcher-made questionnaire, which was the result of the output of the qualitative research section, was distributed to 130 managers of the small and medium-sized enterprises in Tehran. Finally, the identified elements in the form of an international marketing ecosystem were designed by using expertise opinions.

Social media are one of the latest achievements of information technology and also new approaches to marketing. On the other hand, the unlimited communication of users in these media leads to cross-effects on users. Social media has shifted power from company to individuals and communities, or creative users, which have had a very successful or catastrophic impact on well-known winners. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of user interaction in social media on buying intention by brand attitude and subjective norms. The present research is applied in a purposeful and survey-analytical type. The research instrument was a questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all dimensions and variables was higher than 0.7. The questionnaires were distributed among 252 members of the social media community who were familiar with the brand and received information from a particular brand. In order to analyze the data, structural equations were used. The results of this study showed that peer pressure and reference group pressure have a positive and significant effect on attitudes toward brand and subjective norms. Also, two variables of attitude toward brand and subjective norms have a positive and significant effect on the intention to purchase. In addition, the role of mediation of two variables of attitude toward brand and subjective norms between the three peer pressure variables, the pressure of reference groups and the intention to purchase were confirmed. Therefore, ten research hypotheses were confirmed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the status of marketing dimensions of products and services of libraries of state universities of Isfahan province. The research method is descriptive-survey and the data gathering tool is a researcher-devised questionnaire. The statistical population of this study consists of 168 librarians, of which 117 are selected based on Cochran formula. The data are analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS environment. The findings reveal that the mean and standard deviation of marketing dimensions of library products and services are 3.50 and 0.52, respectively. The findings indicate a significant level of 0/0001 which is less than 0/05. Considering this significant level, it can be claimed that the average of marketing dimensions has a significant difference with the mean Likert spectrum and is larger than average. Therefore, with 95% of confidence, it can be claimed that the marketing dimensions and library services in the libraries of state universities of Isfahan province are more than the average and are in a relatively favorable status. The means indicate that among marketing dimensions of library products and services, the highest average is related to dimension of market orientation and the lowest average is related to the marketing dimension. The activities related to each of the marketing dimensions in libraries have a relatively favorable status. The least activity is related to the marketing dimension, and the results indicate the necessity of trying to improve this dimension in the libraries. Activities like the existence of a separate section for marketing or the existence of a public relations unit can be contributive in improving the status of this dimension of marketing.

Today's manufacturing companies are trying to redefine their strategic position with customers, using integrated solutions such as combined product/service offerings, to reap the benefits of product lifecycle service delivery. The purpose of this study is to introduce the service-oriented phenomenon, and provide a method for measuring, and operationalizing the scope of industrial service business. The statistical population of the research is 140 managers of Alpha Company and its subsidiaries, middle managers, and experts related to the field of services. For analyzing the data, factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) and structural equation modeling have been used. Out of the 32 first items for the product-related services scope, 17 items are defined in terms of four components of technical services and product optimization, R & D services, customer related business services, and product information sharing services with customers. Comparing the results of this measure with the current position of Alpha services, the use of the new model will improve the evaluation indicators.

Despite the increasing growth of investment in the field of social media marketing, identifying the challenges and opportunities of this new approach has been neglected in the marketing literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and rank the opportunities and challenges of social media marketing. The research is done in two steps with a mixed method. In the first step, by a qualitative approach, the opportunities and challenges identified via experts and professionals in the field of social media marketing, and in the second step, in order to evaluate the findings of the qualitative section as well as ranking the opportunities and challenges, the quantitative approach and the questionnaire tool have been used. In the qualitative section, a stratified sampling method was used and in a quantitative part, a judgmental sampling method was used. In the qualitative step, data from 15 semi-structured interviews were analyzed by content analysis method. In the quantitative step, the data from 47 questionnaires were analyzed by Sign test and weighted average method. The results indicate that the most important opportunity for social media marketing is the accurate recognition of customer needs through social media, and the most important challenge is the distrust of the audience to the social media.

Pricing is one of the most important decisions having significant impact on companies’ profitability. The right price led to attracting customers and increasing their satisfaction. Therefore, the managers are always looking for procedures to compare pricing strategies and choose the best pricing strategy. Since the pricing has uncertain and multi-attribute structure, applying multi-criteria decision-making methods are appropriate in pricing. This paper proposed an interval valued fuzzy decision making method for Laboratory Services Pricing. This approach consists of interval valued fuzzy ANP for calculating the weight of criteria and interval valued TOPSIS for determining the weight of solutions. Finally, by multiplying company weight and a ratio the Laboratory Services price is proposed to the real case company. The result shows the applicability of the proposed approach. Also, the results of validation indicate the accuracy of the proposed model, the effectiveness of interval valued fuzzy uncertainty and interdependence between criteria on pricing issue.

In competitive markets, selecting appropriate marketing strategy is effective in selling more products and success of organization. Decisions and strategies of competitors in the market influence the selection of appropriate marketing strategy. The purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical tool for selecting the appropriate marketing strategy with respect to rival’s strategies. The game theory approach as a conflict resolution tool is suggested for choosing the optimal marketing strategy. Given the variety of game analysis methods, the static, limited, non-cooperative, static game has been developed for this issue and the implementation of the proposed model has been used to design optimal marketing strategies for two brands of beverage manufacturer. The adaptation of the stages and components of the game theory model to the problem of marketing strategic planning and the definition of the components and method of game solving designed for the market analysis problem are among the characteristics of this research. The results of this case study show that if each of the two well-known brands of beverages in Tehran chooses price or promotion strategies as their marketing strategy, they would have the maximum market share.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the interaction of visual metaphor and metonymy in print advertising. The typology of this research, due to the focus on two popular visual tropes in advertising, allows for the analysis of advertisements that do not fit into existing models. This model also facilitates the comprehension of meaning in sophisticated rhetorical ads and develops the concept of rhetoric in advertising images based on the linguistic definitions of Iran and the West. To this end, a multi-case study approach has been used. The cases are more than 500 Iranian and non-Iranian rhetorical ads that have been analyzed based on the semiotics. In fact, by analyzing the signified and signifier of signs in the advertising samples, the interaction of metaphor and metonymy has been identified in the typology of this research for the first time. The findings of this study indicate that conceptual metaphor and metonymy can be used in other media such as visuals, in addition to language. Furthermore, metaphor and metonymy, as two important rhetorical figures and methods of meaning transfer, can interact in advertising images. Therefore, there might be metonymic relations in the target or source of a visual metaphor in advertisements. All rhetorical advertisements that have two salient objects in the image can be analyzed by this typology.

In social bundling, consumers do not have to buy anything more than their basic needs for a discount. With the growth in the trading industry and the increasing trend in prevalent social business tendencies, social bundling can be a promising way to reduce the barriers of purchasing from which traditional bundling consumers are suffering. This study seeks to develop methods for controlling the consumer, and then a bundling potential for more and faster purchases. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of social bundling practices on consumer willingness for purchasing Hamrah Avval online packages. This research is applied in terms of purpose and it is descriptive-survey and also correlational in terms of the method. The statistical population of this research includes all consumers of the Hamrah Avval Company who used the services of this company in November 2018. About 384 people were selected as sample of the study. In this research, library and field studies were used to collect data. The main tool for collecting data was a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling technique using LISREL and SPSS software. The results show that social bundling has a positive effect on perceived control, perceived value, and perceived uncertainty. Perceived control has a positive effect on perceived value and intention to purchase. Perceived uncertainty has no negative effect on perceived value and perceived value has a positive effect on the intention to purchase. Also, perceived uncertainty has a negative effect on the intention to purchase.

Complete and comprehensive identification of effective factors on place brand building and interaction among them over time is vital for absorbing investment in gas industry. By providing such a knowledge and with a systematic view to the subject, a vast insight into the mechanism of achieving a brand with a favorable and competitive position helps decision makers to employ place branding to attract investment. Therefore, the present study attempts to identify the codes, concepts, and categories related to the formation of place branding and the relationships among them. To this end, the meta-synthesis research approach was applied and previous studies from 1999 to 2017 were reviewed, and through critical assessment skilled program (CASP), 42 credential articles were identified and entered to the meta-synthesis process. Then, they were coded and categorized by Nviov software and validated by elites agreement. The obtained 62 codes were classified into eight concepts and two categories. Based on these findings, and considering their complex and dynamic relationships, a causal model of place branding influencing investment comprising image and identity of place was presented by the qualitative system dynamics approach, which can be effective in correcting the attitude of brand managers in attracting investment. Applying the meta-synthesis approach and focusing on dynamic relationships and a comprehensive systematic view are the innovations of this study.