فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 48، تابستان 1398)

Research ethics in cyberspace or Internet research ethics (IRE) is a subset of applied ethics that aims to study, introduce, and apply ethical codes for guiding research activities in cyberspace. The compilation of the ethical statement is based on two methods of documentary research and action research. The action research process is implemented in four stages: 1) diagnosis, 2) action plan, 3) action, and 4) action evaluation. The diagnosis stage of ethical issues for drafting ethical codes is based on documentary method. In this framework, by collecting numerous and reliable ethical charters and statements, the most important ethical issues in Internet researches are extracted, and ethical codes are formulated and adjusted as a draft of statement of Internet research ethics. According to the next stages of action research, the draft is critically evaluated by a technical teamwork and sent to the relevant organization for action stage.

In this article, introducing a step-by-step process for development of Internet Research Ethics, and suggestion of ethical codes for guiding and organizing research activities of researchers in cyberspace is the purpose of the codification of ethical statement. The statement of the Internet Research Ethics is prepared as a complement to the Charter and Principles of Research Ethics of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology; Along with 9 chapters and 15 articles in the framework of the Charter and Principles of Research Ethics.

Advancements made in medicine during centuries have been disclosed importance of using animal for research in biology. Appropriate conduction of animal researches needs skilled and experienced researchers who are aware of principles for using laboratory animals. Regarding scientific activities, ethical considerations for using of animals in experiments that are associated with pain and even death have been challenging issue overtime. Therefore, considering animal rights is one of the concerns of researchers; in addition to maintaining animal health, stick to animal rights is also resulted in more accurate and precise results. Rats are mostly used for scientific experimentations because of having short reproductive duration as well as their easy and inexpensive breeding. Currently, use of available standards for laboratory animal care and use is one of the conditions for accepting articles in scientific journals and international seminars. The aim of this study is to provide an overview on ethical considerations for using rats in biomedicine researches.

Rats are used in a great number of researches in biology, in order to be committed to ethical principles and animal rights during experimentations and also having more precise results, it is necessary to adhere to standards for establishing animal facilities, to train staffs and researchers, and finally to design and support centers for audit.

Implementation of an organizational entrepreneurship pattern, by determining the effective indicators on it is an important social issue in organization. Indicators give identity to an organizational entrepreneurship pattern. As an effective indicator, professional ethics can be an important motivational tool in the organization, and professional ethics can be an appropriate platform for commitment and accountability in the development of the organizational entrepreneurship process. The purpose of this research is to explain professional ethics as an effective indicator and provide solutions for developing an on organizational entrepreneurship pattern.

The implementation of an organizational entrepreneurship pattern, without regard to ethical principles in an organization, is meaningless. Since observance of professional ethics is an axis necessity and organizational entrepreneurship is based on professional ethics. In a world that organizations work like machines and spirituality, humanism, and ethical principles have diminished, professional ethics can be an important motivational tool in our organization as an indicator of organizational entrepreneurship. Professional ethics create excellence, sustainable development, desirable competition, and synergy, reduce conflict, increase commitment and social responsibility, increase organizational relationships, and even create new ethical values and norms.

Training philosophy to children and adolescents is the only program that, by teaching philosophy through the discussion, provides the moral developmental requirements for children and adolescents, and this can be done by engaging in ethical exploration that requires critical and creative thinking. This research tries to study the effectiveness of training philosophical concepts on the development of ethical values.

This is a post hoc research. The statistical population included all female students of the Junior High School (second period) in Qarchak City in 2015. The size sample was 30, and sampling was done by multistage randomized cluster sampling method. 15 subjects were assigned to experimental group and 15 subjects to the control group. Data were gathered by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by uni and multi variate covariance.

The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the teaching of philosophical concepts and benevolence, traditionalism, consistency, security, pleasure, success, self-reliance and universalism scales, but relationship between teaching philosophy and the scale of power and excitement was not significant.

The results showed that training of the philosophical concepts lead to the development of benevolence, traditionalism, conformity, security, hedonism, success, self-reliance and universalism in adolescence.

The Online social networks addiction like others type of addiction can lead to ethical dilemmas, as well as it can be affected from psychological disorders. So, the aim of this research is to analyze the effect of depression, anxiety and usage time of online social networks on the level of online social networks addiction and on the life satisfaction.

The method of research is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of research includes the 800 students of Information Technology in the West Azarbaijan province and the convenience sample was 260 (150 female and 110 female) of them. The Cochran formula was used to calculate the sample size. The Online form of social networks addiction, depression, anxiety and life satisfaction scale were sent to student. To analysis of research hypotheses, the Spearman correlation test was done by IBM SPSS Statistics 23 and to evaluate the Goodness of fit for model, SPSS Amos software was used.

The results showed that there is significant correlation among depression, anxiety, usage time of social networks, life satisfaction and online social networks addiction. Also, the values of goodness of fit metrics showed the goodness fit for research model.

According to the results of the study, the level of depression, anxiety and the usage time of social networks have association with the social networks addiction also the level of social networks addiction has negative relationship with the level of life satisfaction

One of the required conditions for creating and maintaining a satisfactory social relationship is the ability to regulate and control individual behavior in ways that meet the others’ needs and feelings, and when they are angry, they cannot harm anyone and control themselves, which called this behavior as Self-control. The main aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of teaching the ethics of self-control on reducing aggression of the secondary high school male students of Yazd province.

The Method of this research was semi-experimental study with pretest - posttest plan. The statistical population of this study includes all male students in the first grade high school of education in 2016-2017. 30 students were selected and randomly divide into two experimental and control group and each groups include 15 students. The instrument of this study was Bass and Perry questionnaire. Finally, the collected data were analyzed by using covariance analysis.

The findings of this research showed that there were significant differences between the two experimental and control groups in the regarding with scores for all dimensions of aggression (physical, verbal, anger and  hostility). Self-control ethics training had a meaningful effect on students' aggression reduction.

In a general, we conclude that considering the high prevalence of aggression among male students in the first grade high school who are adolescents, Self-control ethics training can be an appropriate interventional strategy to reduce their aggressiveness.

Today, commitment to ethical behavior is one of the most important concerns of patient care and medical field. The HR managers try to improve the ethical climate in this domain by using effective strategies and practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the predictability of nurses' ethical behavior by HRM activities by using the public health service networks.

The research method was descriptive- correlation. Population of study includes all of nurses of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Sample size was calculated about 153 nurses by Cochran formula. 180 questionnaires were distributed to ensure that the questionnaires were completed and 176 questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by artificial neural network through MATLAB2015 software.

The results of this study showed that human resource management practices predict nurses’ ethical behavior.

The results of the neural network sensitivity analysis showed that in human resource management practices, "employee relations" most of and "performance evaluation" have the lowest impact on nurses ethical behavior

In today's competitive world and to achieve maximum efficiency, organizations regardless of their size are forced to improve their human performance and thus improve their performance. This requires attention to many factors, including the factors such as entrepreneurial orientation and the virtuousness of staff that is on component of ethics. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of virtuousness on the relationship of entrepreneurial orientation and performance.

In terms of purpose this is an applied research and in terms of method, survey-correlation research. The study has been done in one of the companies that active in the production, packaging, distribution and sale of bread in the city of Mashhad in 1395. Number of employee in this statistical society is 145 people. 108 participants were selected through randomized sampling. The data collection tool was questionnaire for employee performance, entrepreneurial orientation and virtuousness.  Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling (SEM) approach and SmartPLS software.

Relationship of entrepreneurial orientation with virtuousness and performance is approved. In addition, the relation of minor role of ethical virtuousness with performance is approved. From SEM approach, it was shown that the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation have positive and significant relationship with the performance through the virtuous mediator variable and the model has acceptable goodness of fit.

Results show that ethical virtuousness and entrepreneurial orientation are good predictor variables for performance and organizations have to provide the necessary background for training and strengthening of these variables.

Spirituality and ethics are the topics that are widely considered today in organizations to response turbulent and complex environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral and spiritual intelligence and the organizational commitment of new employees with the mediating role of society.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The population consists of all employees who employed newly by one of the companies of Oil Ministry. 248 people were selected as statistical sample by simple random sampling method. To collect data, moral intelligence, spiritual intelligence, organizational socialization and organizational commitment questionnaires were used. To analyze the data at the inferential level, Pearson correlation coefficient was used, to determine the power and strength of the variables of moral and spiritual intelligence and organizational socialization on organizational commitment; structural equation modeling was used by AMOS software.

The direct relationship between moral intelligence and spiritual intelligence with organizational commitment is 0.14 and 0.16 respectively and they are not significant. However, the indirect relationship between moral intelligence and spiritual intelligence with organizational socialization and organizational commitment is 0.42 and 0.37 respectively and they are significant and organizational socialization variable is the complete mediator of the relationship.

Attention to organizational socialization can be considered as one of the main strategies in increasing organizational commitment and also help to increase the effect of moral and spiritual intelligence of employees on organizational outputs

Todays, professional ethics was recommended one of the variables that can effect on another organization perspectives, therefore the aim of present study was to study the correlation of professional ethics with learning and intentional organizational forgetting in staff sport offices in Isfahan province, considering the mediating role of knowledge sharing.

This is an applied descriptive- correlation research. Statistical society includes all staff of sport offices in Isfahan province (N=408) among which sample was determined to be 260 based on structural equations. Data were gathered by four standard questionnaires. Also, data were analyzed by structural equation modeling through Lisrel software.

Results showed that professional ethics has a positive and significant correlation with knowledge sharing, organizational learning, and intentional organizational forgetting, by coefficient 0.83, 0.91, and 0.87, respectively. Furthermore, professional ethics has a positive and significant correlation indirectly by mediation of knowledge sharing variable with organizational learning by coefficient 0.75 meanwhile.

The result of study show that for proper knowledge sharing, developing learning organizational and intentional forgetting organizational; the managers should concentrate to production and optimum promotion of professional ethics

Spirituality in the workplace is one of the important and effective variables on the performance and behavior of staff. Therefore, this study tries to investigate the relationship between dimensions of spirituality in the workplace with organizational health and organizational trust among nurses.

The method of research was correlation-descriptive. Population of the study includes all female nursing staff in the public hospital (Imam Reza). 130 nurses were selected as a statistical sample. Three tools (Standard questionnaires of Spirituality in workplace and Organizational Health and researcher made questionnaire of organizational trust) were used for data collection and the reliability and validity of the tools were also tested. The data analysis was done by structural equation model.

The findings of the study indicated that dimensions of spirituality in the workplace have a positive and significant relationship with organizational trust (standard coefficient 0.68, value t=7.39) and organizational health (standard coefficient 0.79, value t=5.68).

In general, it can be said that the emphasis on spirituality can lead to promote organizational trust and organizational health in the hospitals. Accordingly, the need to pay attention to the dimensions of spirituality in hospitals is felt.

Corruption, like any other social and economic phenomenon, depends on many complex factors and processes that cover a wide range of issues. The purpose of this study was to model the structural equations of the relationship between spirituality in the workplace and corruption with the mediating role of professional ethics.

The research method is descriptive -correlation. The statistical population consisted of all health care workers in health centers in Urmia. Using random stratified sampling, 300 people were selected as the statistical sample. To collect data, three standard questionnaires of spirituality in the workplace, professional ethics questionnaire and corruption questionnaire were used. For data analysis, descriptive index, correlation matrix, and t-test and effect analysis were used.

Between spirituality in the workplace, with the professional ethics of the employees (0.48) and corruption (0.57), and between professional ethics of employees and corruption (0.32), as well as between workplace spirituality and corruption there is a positive and significant relationship with the role of mediation of employees' professional ethics (0.49) at the level of 0.001.

Although corruption in organizations is counted as an offensive and ugly behavior, but it cannot be related only to the factors of politics and relativity or the like because people are provided in different ways they do not need to create corruption in the organization. According to a finding, one of the ways to reduce corruption in an organization can be to create spirituality in the organization and to tune the professional ethics for employees.

work consciousness and value-based leadership are the main variables that more attended by researchers. Therefore, the present study investigates the relationship between work consciousness and value-based leadership studied in Urmia university to predict the leadership components based on values.‎

This study is an applied descriptive – correlation research. The population of this research includes 530 employees in Urmia University, that 225 subjects were selected through random sampling. Data were gathered by two standard questionnaires. Also, data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation matrix and multiple regressions.

Findings showed that the 40 percent of work consciousness were explained based on value-based leadership. Also, findings showed that there was a positive relationship between consciousness and value-based leadership.

According to the statistical results, all hypotheses were confirmed and it is concluded that value-based leadership component can predict the level of work consciousness in Urmia University.

The implementation of moral behaviors in organization is one of the most important organizational phenomena and therefore the  purpose of this article is investigation of the role of the ethical atmosphere dimensions in predicting of managers' insistence on initial decisions.

In terms of the purpose of research, this research is applicable type and in terms of the research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical society includes all staff managers in Khorasan Razavi Saderat bank, using the Cochran formula 134 people selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by victor & cullen ethical atmosphere standard questionnaire and managers' insistence on initial decisions questionnaire (made by researcher). Data were analyzed by structural equation model.

The results show that there is a negative relationship between ethical atmosphere (with exception instrumental atmosphere) and managers' insistence on initial decisions. With 95 percent confidence level, ethical atmosphere can predict insistence on initial decisions at -0.65.

The results also show that moral atmosphere can be effective predictor for decreasing level of insistence on initial decisions.

Today, there are various forms of mental and nervous stresses in organizations. One of the immediate consequences of stress and psychological pressures is job burnout phenomenon. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological capital in relation to ethical leadership and burnout among teachers of Zeyduon town.

This study is descriptive –correlation research. The population includes all teachers of Zeyduon town and among them 150 was randomly selected and answered the questionnaires of psychological capital, ethical leadership and burnout. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between ethical leadership and psychological capital, there is a significant inverse relationship between psychological capital and burnout, and also there is a significant inverse relationship between ethical leadership and burnout.

Psychological capital has a mediating role in the relationship between leadership and burnout so that ethical leadership has both direct impact and indirect impact on burnout.

Productivity has attracted the attention of many researchers as one of the issues that rose in today's organizations. Therefore, the study of this concept requires the consideration of numerous influential factors. In this regard, the present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between professional ethics, productivity, and creativity among faculty members.

This research is a descriptive-correlation one. Population includes all faculty members of payam-e- Noor University, a sample of 265 people was selected by stratified sampling method from faculty members of Payam-e Noor University. Measurement tools include three questionnaires including professional ethics, creativity, and the productivity. Also, structural equation model was used to evaluate the relationships between the measured variables and the conceptual model.

The results showed that professional ethics has a positive and significant relationship with creativity. Also, the relationship between professional ethics and productivity is through mediating role of creativity. In other words, the ethics of work through creativity in the work increases the efficiency of the faculty members and, finally, the structural model of the research is meaningful and fitness.

According to research results, organizations will take steps to create, maintain, and improve organizational productivity by increasing attention to professional ethics that will promote creativity.

In today's competitive market place, corporate social responsibility has become an important issue for all stakeholders. On the other hand, factors such as customers trust, ethical reputation and brand equity are critical to company's success. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social responsibility with ethical reputation and brand equity with analyzing the role of trust.

This research is an applied descriptive-correlation survey. The statistical population includes all of Asia Insurance Company customers in Khorasan-e-Razavi province, that 388 people were selected using available sampling method. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire, which its validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling using SPSS and Lisrel.

The results show positive relationship between social responsibility with ethical reputation and brand equity. Also, with regarding trust, the relation severity was increased and its mediating role was confirmed.

Trust of customers as a mediating variable has an effective role on ethical reputation and brand equity. So, initiative social responsibility practices should be taken in such a way as to create the trust of customers and ultimately would increase ethical reputation and brand equity.

The purpose of this study is examining the relationship between Machiavellianism and unethical behavior emphasizing the moderating role of abusive supervisor among employees of Aliabad Katoul Islamic Azad University.

The current research method is descriptive-correlation. Participants of this research project included 129 employees of Aliabad Katoul Islamic Azad University. The sample contained 97 employees utilizing random sampling. The instrument for data collection in this study is questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha has been more than 0/7. To analyze data, structural equating modeling method as well as PLS software has been used.

Results show that there is a positive relationship between all dimension of Machiavellianism and unethical behavior. Also abusive supervision moderates the relationship between all dimensions of Machiavellianism except desire to status with unethical behavior.

Some special characteristics lead to unethical behaviors and one of these characteristics is Machiavellianism. In other hand, abusive supervision creates opportunities that Machiavellianism engages in unethical behaviors.

In the today's world, individual performance is affected by moral issues and human interaction, which should prevail in organizations. The role of ethical leadership in internalization of moral roles and impact on staff’s commitment and promotion of performance, is very important. The ethical leader can have a fundamental role in the training of positive emotions and responsibility of individuals and the performance of organization. This survey examines the relationship between ethical leadership with individual performance and moderating role of organizational commitment.

This research is descriptive-correlation study. The population in this research includes all supervisors and authorities of engineering department (N=174). The sample of 120 subjects was determined, which were selected by random sampling. Data were collected by three questionnaires; ethical leadership, Individual performance and organizational commitment. The correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used for analysis of data.

There is a positive relationship between ethical leadership and organizational commitment with individual performance. In addition, the role of mediator organizational commitment in relationship between Individual performances with ethical leadership is significant.

The results of this study suggest that ethical leadership and organizational commitment are important factors that affect individual performance and promote the individual performance.

Cultural intelligence is effective on professional ethics in the workplace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cultural intelligence and professional ethics in the workplace.

Correlation study and statistical society includes 715 employees of a governmental organization, 250 of them were randomly selected as relative sample. In this research, the standard questionnaire of cultural intelligence and professional ethics researcher questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

The results showed a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and professional ethics (p <0.01) and the dimensions of cultural intelligence (28.7%) of the variance of professional ethics.

It is possible to predict the dimensions of the cultural intelligence through professional ethics.