فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 35، تابستان 1398)

 The urban regeneration approach has been addressed in response to the lack of attention to social aspects and, in particular, the participation of citizens in the design of erosion structure and the emphasis on the economic and physical aspects that led to the failure of these plans. Attention to participation as a pillar of urban regeneration has attracted researchers' attention toward effective factors in promoting participation. According to studies, social capital has been considered as an effective component in the level of citizen participation in modernization improvement projects and has turned this component into an important component in the rehabilitation approach. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of social capital in participation in urban regeneration urban regeneration plans. The method used in this paper is descriptive-survey and the statistical population consists of residents of district 12 of Tehran. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling have been used. The results of the research show that there is a significant and positive relationship between social capital and participatory indices, and social capital explains 67% of the variance of participatory changes in the plans. The research model has a good fit and a good fit between the structured model and the experimental data is provided.

The communication network network is one of the most important structural elements of the city's physical architecture. It is a standard measure for measuring the ability of the urban system to absorb changes and re-invent the changes resulting from disruptions and capacity building. The purpose of the research is to analyze and evaluate the variables that are effective in promoting resilience, identifying and identifying the factors affecting the vulnerability and reducing the losses and damages caused by the crisis in the natural and man-made construction of the earthquake network in the eastern region of Tehran. The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and based on descriptive-analytical method. The data were obtained using library resources as well as surveying and field studies. Data analysis uses the AHP model using GIS. The results show that: By applying seven criteria in two classes Considering the population density and blockage of the roads in area 13, the most vulnerable streets are Imam Ali and Basij highways and the axes leading to them, based on the travel pattern of residents of the northern part of the 4th and 8th zone, with emphasis on Hemmat and Imam Ali highways Blocking, passageways, according to the degree of enclosure associated with areas 14,13 and 15, identification of social capacities of residents Towards area 15, the physical exhaustion of areas 14,13 and 15, and the building density component of areas 8 and 13, will have the highest vulnerability during accidents and crises.

The purpose of this study was to investigate recreational leisure activities, leisure involvement, leisure habits of citizens in Mashhad, and their relationship with them, as well as their tourism behavior and motivation during the holidays. The research method is analytic. The society included all women and men over 18 years of age living in Mashhad (2 423.102). 600 individuals were selected randomly as multi-stage cluster sampling. The return rate of the questionnaire was 0.79. Data were collected by questionnaires of participation in recreational activities - leisure sport, leisure involvement questionnaire, leisure habit, leisure tourism motivation questionnaire and holiday tourism questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to measure the structural validity and Cronbach's alpha was used for its reliability. Descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson Correlation and Structural Equation Test were used. The analyzes were performed on spss22 and liserel8.8 software. Leisure involvement in recreational activities of sport had a significant effect on the leisure habits. The leisure habits in recreational activities did not have a significant effect on the tourism motivation. Leisure involvement in recreational activities has a significant effect on the tourism motivation. The leisure habit of recreational activities has a significant effect on tourism behavior. Leisure involvement in recreational activities did not have a significant effect on tourism behavior. Tourism motivation did not have a significant effect on tourism behavior of citizens of Mashhad during the holiday period.

Afghanistan, one of the eastern neighbors of Iran, has always been a scene of war and instability, clashes and sectarian violence. This research seeks to explain the effects of internal changes and instability in the political, social and cultural structure of Afghanistan on the security of Iranian society, especially in the Sistan and Baluchistan region since 1357. The main objective of the study is to examine and analyze the consequences of instability in Afghanistan on political, security, social, and cultural issues in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The main hypothesis that has been pursued in this research, namely: 10 crises and instability in Afghanistan, has increased the number of unauthorized travels, smuggling, anti-security measures in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The research method is descriptive-analytic followed by library studies. The research findings show that the geographic proximity of Iran to Afghanistan over the past three decades has led to increased violence and sectarian terrorism in Sistan and Baluchistan and its security threats to Iran. The occurrence of accidents such as kidnapping, terrorist explosions, killing, as well as military and security forces, prove this claim.

Understanding the potential of the study area prevents waste of resources and considers the use of any environmental zone in accordance with its capability. Planning and continuous recreation and nature conservation of forest areas requires accurate understanding of environmental factors, assessment of the natural capability and ability of the region with regard to socio-economic, cultural and environmental considerations. The lack of user-optimized user interface is a major cause of destruction in these areas. Tourism is used by tourists in closed and open environments. The assessment of the appropriate location for those tourists who are interested in hobby environments depends on the ecological model of urban development. In open environments, tourists come to various entertainments, all of which are called recreation or sightseeing. In the present study, identifying the status quo, selecting a model, evaluating capabilities, and determining environmental units, power Ecological and user uses by GIS and selection of the best option by Analytical Hierarchy Process with Expert Choice v11.0. The findings of the study indicate that the study area has high capacity for tourism development, especially open-air outdoors that require Management and planning is sufficient and sufficient.

The geographic extent of Iran has caused the country's policy and administration structure to always be criticized for why the elites, especially the non-centered elites, are not effective; however, the structure has always been criticized, the elites' circulation is more political than professional, but in this area there are always two categories Environmental factors and organizational factors are mentioned that in the first category political, economic, geographical, social, cultural, legal and bureaucratic dominant of society are a part of environmental factors that should be considered in designing structures; therefore, at macro level and National, elite and specialists of each country, the most important and in exchange The country's smallest existing capital is considered, and the national wealth of any society is intellectually and operationally. The main question is how geopolitical pathology of the Iranian elite can make this decision in the public policy perspective. Can corrective solutions be presented and implemented? It seems that the elites, especially in other parts of Iran, who are less accessible to the center, have neither a single monopolistic role in their intellectual domains nor are they subordinate to the conditions of the environment without the exercise of power, but with their own domain, they have the power to, along with other The factors provide effective solutions to the development of public policy (decision-making, decision-making, policy-making, and operational phase) to be realized.

Tourism is a phenomenon that has different dimensions and types and the entire political, cultural, social and economic system of a country is involved. Given that a systemic attitude towards the security and sustainable development of tourism is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this article is to examine the necessity of planning and systemic attitude of the government towards the security and sustainable development of tourism in metropolises of Iran with an emphasis on the metropolis of Tehran. The main question of the article is that the reasons for the planning and attitude of the system of governance regarding the security and sustainable development of tourism in the metropolis of the Iranian cities? The hypothesis we are trying to investigate and analyze is to answer this question the sovereignty of phenomena should, in principle, be a system and tourism, in addition to necessity, also has an inner necessity which is due to the nature of this phenomenon. This article is an analytical descriptive where will try using library resources as well as scientific and research papers to analyze and explain the subject. The results of this article also show that tourism and sustainable development in Iran require management and planning, especially in the field of security promotion and the two in the group have a systemic attitude from the government. Metropolitan evidence of Iranian cities, and in particular Tehran, suggests the separation and insularity of the areas of security and sustainable development of tourism.

Targeted tourism development planning can increase the attractiveness of tourists and bring direct and indirect benefits of economic, socio-cultural and environmental abundance into the multilateral development process, especially economic development for countries that rely on the single-oil economy.in this regard,the present study uses an applied developmental nature and combined research methodology to rank the cities of Yazd province in terms of tourism infrastructure. The province has been referred to the Statistical Yearbook of 2017 for data collection and statistics. For prioritization, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used. According to the analysis, with the multi-criteria decision making technique of VIKOR, Yazd city with the development coefficient of 0,054, it has the highest infrastructure and regional tourism services, Ardakan city with a development coefficient of 0.280 is second, Mehriz city with a development coefficient of 0,521 Third place is located in terms of tourism development indicators. Taft city with a coefficient of development of 0,559 is in fourth order. Meybod city with a coefficient of development of0/633 is in fifth,Khatam city with 0,778 coefficients was ranked sixth in terms of historical heritage tourism indexes, Ashkzar city with a development coefficient of 0,821 Seventh rank, Abarkouh city with a coefficient of 0,848 is in the eighth position, Naein city times by a factor of 0,908 in the horizon and the city Bahabad by a factor of regional development, tourism development have is the one with the lowest components.

Sphere of influence has a huge impact as the determinant of the role of the city. The extent of urban sphere of influence is also related to the number and range of its roles. It means that the sphere of influence gets wider ,as the city's roles increase. The present study is an applied-purpose objective and in terms of the method, it is descriptive-analytic. The information collection methods included the library method of research and field observation. In this study, the separation point theory and cross point theory have been used to investigate the sphere of influence of Hamedan. In order to identify the domains of urban spheres of influence and to determine the domain of Hamedan, in this model we use the visual method to confirm or disapprove this domain. For this purpose, 27 cities of Hamadan are considered and the required information is obtained through the periodic censuses. The results show that in the years 35 and 45 Nahavand ,Malayer and Touyserkan had quite a large sphere of influence and in year 55 Nahavand and Malayer had the equal sphere of influence and in year 65-95 Malayer , Nahavnd and Touyserkan had quite a large sphere of influence among other cities of Hamadan .also ,according to studies , it is clear that as the population and distance increase , the sphere of influence rate increase .

The identity of a territory by cultural, Customs, A folk art habits and geographic location Special formed. In addition to the key role of city spaces Due to the physical construction of perceptual space And it carries symbolic historical and cultural heritage society And transmitting collective shared values of local cultures, Identity and urban civilization. Therefore, in the urban environment and public spaces issues And factors affecting the urban identity affects. This survey priority issues in cities can make better decisions in the direction of the overlap of all components and priority. The aim of this study was to investigate urban spaces And its impact on urban identity using multi-criteria models (ANP) In the city of borujerd has been paid. To achieve this component of the study data Through questionnaires were collected. The research method is descriptive and analytical Is aimed at. The results show that components of physical access And intuitive in the first place, the elements and social interaction In second place, legibility and meaning. In third place were located And these components except the And effective in urban identity Borujerd And play a constructive role in the identity of their study area. Create collections for residential, recreational and cultural In the vicinity of historical monuments helps to recreate these spaces.

The main question of the present research is that How will the territorial planning of Iranian border communities in the west and southwest (with emphasis on Arabs) affect the development of relations between Iran and Arab countries?The hypothesis we are trying to analyze and explain is to answer this question seems that the alignment of the land with the analysis and analysis of the cultural, social, economic and political structure of the border societies of Iran in the west and southwest (with emphasis on the Arabs)It can provide a road map for developing relations between Iran and Arab countries (land use planning in the border regions).The results of this paper show that in a country like the Islamic Republic of Iran with very long borders and the diversity of geography and the diversity of neighboring countries Most of them are vulnerable to economic and political instability, as well as the confrontation of the United States arrogance system with Iran, the need for close attention to the issue of land use planning with regard to military dimensions is essential.In this research, using descriptive and analytical research, we first study the principles of land use planning and theoretical foundations in this regard.

The city of Ramsar has a variety of tourist attractions and a familiar name for tourists. In this research, efforts have been made to identify areas that, in addition to the proper environmental situation and the availability of tourist attractions and communication infrastructure in the study area, which is in line with the natural conditions of that area, and the ability to become a health village. According to the environmental conditions of the city of Ramsar, the distance from the population centers (city and villages), proximity to the road, distance from the fault, distance from the river, distance from the slopes, proximity to the spa springs, elevation and slope as environmental indicators To locate the health village is considered. For this purpose, using GIS software version 10.5, the parameters were evaluated and finally, each digital map was prepared. The AHP model was used to obtain the weight of the indicators and the VIKOR model was used to rank the tourism criteria. The results of the research indicate that the selected zones and priorities are located in the northern part of the city.

Abstract The advancement of technology and cyberspace has provided the opportunity for investors in the field of tourism and related businesses to be able to advertise and develop their business and ultimately the industry through websites and applications. Considering the importance of sustainable tourism for the development and realization of its economic, social and environmental goals, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role of tourism websites in the development of economic, social and environmental dimensions of tourism. Research method is survey. The statistical population of this study was tourists in Tehran. Considering that the size of the community is not estimated and varies in different seasons, by referring to the tourist attractions of Tehran, 300 people were selected as the sample size. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by media and tourism experts and professors. Cronbach's alpha has a reliability of 0.85. The results of the tests indicate that there is a relationship between the amount of use of tourism websites and the economic, social and environmental dimensions of tourism sustainability.

Makran region with diverse tourist attractions and having shared cultural and historical backgrounds among the countries of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan has the potential to become a common destination for tourism in the region; but the main thing is to use the right tools to create this boom. One of the most useful tools is following the diplomacy of tourism. The main question of this article is that can tourism diplomacy provide the prospect of tourism boom in the Makran region? The hypothesis we are trying to analyze and explain to answer this main question is that seems that the tourism diplomacy of the circle is due to the expansion of Iran's relations with its eastern neighbors and the attractive harbor, attracting tourists and boosting tourism in the region of Makran. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The results of the paper show that the tourism diplomacy with the focus of the Makran region has geographic, cultural, ethnic and historical backgrounds, as well as political support among the regional governments, but some security challenges as well as the poverty of communication and facilities infrastructure slowed the trend of tourism development in the Makran region from the diplomatic gateway. Tourism has been made.

The main purpose of the paper is to examine the role of criminal law in the sustainable development of Tehran through the management of extreme crowding.The main question of the article is how can criminal law help the sustainable development of Tehran through the management of extreme crowding?The hypothesis we have chosen to analyze the above question is that criminal law can help the sustainable development of Tehran through management of extreme crowding.The methodology of this research is to investigate the legal texts and the opinions of jurists and jurisprudents regarding the subject in terms of the subject and the objectives and the method of collecting information in a descriptive-analytical way.Accordingly, the collection of information in the form of a library and reference to databases and Internet searches of articles with a scientific degree of validity and updating will be.The data gathering tool is a snippet and database.The method of analysis in this paper will be qualitative and argumentative.In this way, we examine the variables of the subject and describe and analyze the collected data in a systematic way to explain the various dimensions of the subject and to argue with the transition from what is to what should be.

Health tourism is one of the most important sectors of the tourism industry in the world It is one of the attractive industries in the fields of economics, job creation, the introduction of cultures and even the creation of political interests for countries. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the health status of the city of Mashhad And identifying the weaknesses of health tourism in the process of attracting and providing medical services and health tourism to foreign patients has been developed. Therefore, the analysis of barriers to health tourism development in Mashhad has been implemented using Interpretative Structural Modeling Technique (ISM). This method is one of the methods of system analysis that examines the interactions between elements of the system. The method of interpretive structural modeling is based on expert opinion. The panel of experts consists of experts in the field of health tourism and organizations of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and managers of recreational and residential centers, Razavi hospitals, Ghaem, Mehr and Imam Reza. The findings showed that "economic and political comet sanctions, " The number of policy centers and their lack of interaction "," cultural and religious restrictions for foreign tourists "," lack of government support for investment in the tourism sector "and" lack of encouragement of private sector for investment " Are among the most influential obstacles to tourism development.

In this study, the recreational value of Mellat Ilam Park(MIP) and the WTP rate of visitors to this park were determined using a conditional valuation method (CVM) and a double selection questionnaire. Sampling was done randomly from the visitors of (MIP) during the spring of 1397. In order to determine the sample size of the pre-test, the design was completed by the visitors and then, using the Cochran formula, 245 questionnaires were determined. To measure the willingness to pay visitors, the logit model was used and the parameters of this model were estimated based on the maximum likelihood method. The results show that 86.9% of the people surveyed are willing to pay an amount for recreational use from the(MIP). The average willingness to pay visitors for the recreational value of this park is 8925 Rials per visit. The average willingness to pay each household with five people were, equivalent to 45,000 rials. The results show that the variables of: proposed income entrance, monthly income of people, the number of visits to the park per year, the number of hours per visit, the level of satisfaction with the environment and facilities of the (MIP), the security of the park are significant and the likelihood of a willingness to pay for recreational use (MIP)are effective. Age, gender, marital status, education level, number of households, household head, health, access to drinking water, satisfaction rate of children's play equipment is not meaningful, but despite the meaning of the signs Expected.

The main question of the article is that what is the guarantee of criminal law enforcement of tourist’s rights in Iranian sources and legal texts? The results of this article show that there is still a definite definition of foreign tourist rights (as a citizen in the international community) Not included in the Code of Conduct and the thought of the tourist's citizenship rights is not explained. Also, Islamic thought, despite its depth and richness, is not so compatible with the current circumstances and needs some kind of revision in the context of native culture.Also, the strict implementation of regulations, in addition to changing the view and changing the perception of lawmakers in the tourism sector Towards a sustainable tourism development package-By observing the dynamic trend in the adoption and development of tourism laws and regulations in the world, Not only can it evolve the legal rules of tourism in the Islamic Republic of Iran can also provide new techniques and models in the process of sustainable development of Iranian tourism. Furthermore though tourism rights in Iran have been collected under the laws and regulations of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization But according to the research, the criteria are defective which need to be reviewed and reformed. Finally, The method of this research is descriptive-analytic.The data collection method is also a library and the use of scientific-research papers. The tool is a snapshot information gathering tool.

Today’s world faced with dramatic and unique changes. The tsunami of change challenges all ancient doctrines and rational philosophical theories. Appearance of surprising discontinuity in information era and sharp increase of uncertainties in different grounds, make planning for urban complex systems much harder. According to the Changes, in the last half century, in spite of making and implementing thousands of urban development plans, from the viewpoints of process and consequences, our interventions in the Iranian cities and regions, didn’t have any clear end. So by using the new methods, changing the insight in the process and tools of planning is necessary. In this regard, the present research, has compared and contrasted prevalent urban planning paradigms and futures studies and also stated how the transition from "exploring" paradigms to "normative" forms and from "definite" futures to “multiplicity” and "alternative” futures. By getting the results of such comparative studies, the urban development plans should pass the forecasting and discovering future and get to the futures studies and foresight that aim at mapping and making future.

Hence, the access network around the high ‎seas is always under the influence of traffic jams, due to the volume of travel demand ‎by their inhabitants. Therefore, coordination, planning and location of high-rise ‎buildings with urban transportation network is one of the necessities of urban planning ‎and urban planning. Consequently, based on the necessity of the subject, the present ‎study has examined the issue in the central context of the city of Ilam using a ‎developmental approach and a combination of research methods (descriptive / ‎analytical and field studies). It should be noted that for analysis of the findings, the ‎software Visio2016, Grafer19, ArcGIS10.4, SPSS23 and other required programs and ‎techniques of TOPSIS and the Marathi Dynamics regression (HMR) have been used. ‎Based on the results of the research, a hierarchical multivariate regression (HMR) ‎method was selected based on stepwise method. The results of this method were ‎determined with a confidence level of more than 95%. HMR coefficients are used only ‎to examine the correlation of variables. In sum, the results of the findings indicate that ‎the accessibility and inappropriate structure of the urban transport network, as well as ‎the spatial position of the users and the excessive building density in the city's old ‎‎(central) fabric, the failure of the public transportation system, the inconsistency of ‎pedestrian traffic, and Vehicles in the Ilam city structure. ‎

The purpose of the present was to study and analysis of factors impowerment of villagers’ resiliency regarding earthquake crisis of Varzeghan County. The research method was analytical -explanative survey type. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all damaged villages of north Ozomdul Dehstan and households residing in this villages (N=398) among which 196 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.74-0.85). in order to analyze the data, factor analysis model was used and the results of this model showed the most important factors impowerment of Villagers Resiliency Regarding Earthquake Crisis in studied region includes four components (Reinforcement of social capital and ethical and spiritual values, physcological and economical empowerment, good governance and optimal delivery service to villagers, physical development planning and increasing of skill regarding to crisis) that explained variance and the cumulative variance by the five factors 58.42. Finally, according to the study results, a number of recommendations also presented. Suervy of impowerment factors of villager’s resiliency regarding earthquake crisis and anaylsis of these effects is an innovation of research.

Tourism destinations have long been the target of crime and all types of violence Investigating the negative effects of crime on the economy of tourism destinations, as well as the demand for entry of tourists, is often considered by researchers.The main purpose of this article is The Criminal Investigation of Types of Crime of Tourists Entering Iran with an emphasis on Narcotics Trafficking from Eastern Borders. The main question of this article is that what types of criminal offenses are the tourists entering Iran with an emphasis on the eastern borders? The results of this article show that Tourism development in each country often has positive consequences, such as improving the business environment, developing infrastructure, creating employment in the development and services sectors, and developing tourism sites. But it can also have negative consequences, such as drug trafficking from the borders. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytic in terms of the subject and goals and the method of collecting information and through reviewing the legal texts and the opinions of jurists and jurisprudents on the subject.

Iranian borders in the Persian Gulf need to develop a model that combines several key variables, such as borders, trafficking and tourism. The main purpose of this article is Organizing Iranian Border Area in the Persian Gulf in terms of trafficking and tourism to provide a model for the endogenous development of the economy of the south of the country.tThe main question of the paper is that What role will the organization of Iranian border space in the Persian Gulf play in promoting the endogenous development of the country's southern economy, with an emphasis on combating smuggling and tourism management? The hypothesis that we are trying to answer this basic question is that trafficking smuggling with bordered and this principle also exists on the Iranian borders in the Persian Gulf and organizing this requires sustainable revenue generation across borders, one of which is to pay attention to tourism management. The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analyticalIt attempts to describe, analyze, and ultimately explain the subject by using library resources and scientific and research articles and statistics and information available in the field of trafficking in goods and tourism. The results of the paper show that widespread and high volume trafficking along with poor and poor tourism development in the study area has become an economic and cultural-social habit that has little to do with the economic potential of the region.

Iran is a country of diverse ethnicities each rooted in a particular geography. The northwestern region has long been home to ethnic minorities such as Kurds and Azeris. But alongside the ethnic structure of Iran's political geography, another issue that should be addressed is security structures because the latter is a kind of micro and macro human relations process. The purpose of this article is to examine the ethnic and security structures of the northwestern region of Iran. The main question of the article is that what structures does the region have in terms of both ethnicity and security? The research hypothesis is that the security structure of an area is the result of the inter-ethnic and inter-ethnic relations of individuals and their orientation towards the geographical, territorial, economic, political, cultural and social geographical environment of their surroundings and beyond. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The results of the article show that northwest of Iran is a region with an ethnic structure and consequently a special security structure that has also had a history at the national macro level and therefore for scientific management and planning and then more effective ethnic-security policy in the region and even the whole country the ethnic and security structures of this area must be properly understood.