فصلنامه برنامه ریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 35، زمستان 1398)

Problem statement: place attachment is an important factor in individual identity, social capital, participation and readiness of citizens to sacrifice for the development and improvement of their neighborhood and the city. Hence, the lack or weakness of place attachment is a known as an obvious challenge. The purpose of this study is to test the relationship between the element of ethnicity of citizens with attachment index to their neighborhood. Research method This study is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytic in terms of method, and survey regarding data collection method. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire by two-stage random sampling method. the sample size was 380 units in 5 neighborhoods in Zahedan. The analysis models are: ANOVA, Chi-square, single-sample T, independent samples T. But, for Post hoc test, the Summers D, Kendall Tao B, Kendall Tao C, and Lambda models were also used. The validity was confirmed by professional experts and the reliability of the research was 0.85 with Cronbach's alpha. The findings of the research show that, first, the spatial attachment index of Zahedan citizens is significantly lower than the average. Secondly, there was no significant relationship between the element of ethnicity and their place attachment index. Meanwhile, the spatial quality index of the neighborhood has a significant relationship with place attachment. Also, the level of citizen's place attachment is significantly related to the index of urban services. Because, unlike common belief, the homogeneity of the ethnicity does not create a place attachment; instead, the quality of the neighborhood and the level of service create a place attachment. Research innovation is that so far in Iran, the connection between the index of place attachment to the element of ethnicity of citizens has not been explained.

In arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, drought is considered as the most dangerous climatic structure. The drought in rural areas, which is the main source of livelihood for agriculture and the main input into agricultural activities, has a double effect, which leads to the destruction of the rural economy and the migration of villagers and ultimately to the degradation of rural quality of life.

The main purpose of this study was to identify adaptation strategies of small scale farmers in confronting droughts in west Azerbaijan province.

The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups. The first group included all small scale farmers and the second group included experts aware of drought and livelihood issues in the agricultural Jihad of West Azerbaijan province. By using Krejcie and Morgan Table, 430 people were selected by stratified sampling with optimum allocation and in the experts and specialists section, 23 were targeted.  Data analysis was done by FAHP, GIS and SPSSwin19</sub> software.

The results of fuzzy hierarchical analysis from the experts' questionnaire show that the most important adaptation strategies are economical, technical, agricultural, infrastructural and socio-cultural adaptations, but from the perspective of farmers, the most important adaptation strategies include economic, technical, technical , Social - cultural, crop and infrastructure.  

 Considering that most studies on adaptation strategies have been done and there has been no research on adaptive factors in west Azerbaijan province, this research employed experts and farmers to identify innovative approaches in this the field is considered

Due to the high and quick growth of tourism, many experts call twentieth century as tourism century. This industry affects socials, cultural, and economical fields like foreign currency, incomes and revenues, costs and prices, distribution of income, emigration, division of labors, customs and arts.

The purpose of the present research is to explain the position of tourism infrastructures in Oramanat of Kermanshah province.
 

 After collecting data and information, Oramanat and other cities of Kermanshah province were weighted by using entropy method in terms of 15 criteria. Also WASPAS and SAR models and the integrated method (integration of the results of WASPAS and SAR models) were used to rank and evaluate the status of the development of Oramanat and other provinces of Kermanshah.
 

The results show that Ghasre Shirin province with coefficient of 0.6105 is placed in the first rank, and it is half-developed. The provinces of Paveh with the coefficient of 0.4556, Sanghez with coefficient of 0.3831, Gilan Gharb with coefficient of 0.3728 and west Islam Abad with coefficient of 0.3517 are, respectively, placed in the second to fifth ranks, and they are half-developed. The provinces of Herrin with coefficient of 0.3218, Kangavar with coefficient of 0.3107, Javanrood with coefficient of 0.2978, Dalahoo with coefficient of 0.2953, Kermanshah with coefficient of 0.2829, Sahneh with coefficient of 0.2763, and Ravansar with coefficient of 0.2589 are placed in the sixth to twentieth ranks, respectively. At last, two provinces of Salas Babajani with coefficient of 0.3251 and Sarpol Zahab with coefficient of 0.3114 are respectively placed in the 13th</sup> and 14th</sup> ranks, and they are deprived. In the integrated method, the dominant developmental space of provinces is half-developed. Nine provinces (62.29) are placed at the deprived level.

Among the innovations of this research, compared with other studies, is the use of new models (SAR, WASPAS) and the integrated method to integrate the results of the two models SAR, WASPAS.

The tourism industry is growing and profitable, which has attracted the attention of many planners. One of the factors of the growth and development of this industry is the identification of the needs of tourists based on their motives. Hence, identifying the motivations of tourists will play an important role in the planning of tourism development. This research seeks to identify the motivation of tourists for presenting suggestions based on this. The methodology of this research is based on descriptive and analytical method. The statistical population of this study is tourists entering the tourism zone of Torqabeh. The size of the population includes 200 individuals which have been selected by Cochran's formula. In data analysis phase, one-sample T-test, Friedman and Xi-two have been used. The results indicate that tourism planning and identifying the motivation of tourists among the seven indicators of adventure (0.889) and recreation (0.824) are more important for tourism development and planning; and the compulsory, health, belonging social, and cultural indicators are next in the rankings of tourists. In fact, poorer indicators are more important for tourists in tourism development. Therefore, the emphasis and planning to increase the rankings of weaker indicators will have a major role in increasing the number of tourists. Emphasizing social aspects such as creating and improving attractions such as handicrafts and encouraging local communities will play a major role in attracting tourists.

 Today, environmental crises have threatened the lives of humankind in a worrying way, in so far as it threatens the lives of humans and other organisms on the planet. A quick look at the environmental situation in recent decades suggests that human activities and behaviors have been the most effective and important causes of environmental changes. Meanwhile, the most effective way to protect the environment is to evaluate people's behavior and performance, in reaching the foundations of sustainable life.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the assessment of nomads’ environmental behaviors before and after the implentation of the JICA project in the Bazoft sector.

This is an applied research, with a descriptive-analytical method. Library information and field studies have been used to collect information. The statistical population of this research consisted nomad groups; also local administrators (of village managers, and Islamic Council members), residing in the five villages studied: Tabarok-e-Sofla, Gaazestan, Maazereshteh, Dorak-e-Sofla, and Tarom; where the JICA project was implemented. Based on the population of the nomadic households residented in these five villages, 210 households were selected and completed the questionnaire; while, a sample of 15 officials was selected in total. To analyze the data, Descriptive statistical tests, also tests such as U-man-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon test were used.

results showed that the environmental behavior of nomads, had improved (3.46) significantly after the implementation of the JICA plan, compared with the average of the nomadic environmental behaviors before the implementation of the JICA scheme (1.9). Results also showed that there was a significant difference in the social and cultural environmental-behaviors of the nomads of the villages, before and after the implementation of the JICA scheme.

 In the present article, nomads’ environmental behaviors, before and after the implementation of the JICA Plan, has been evaluated and evaluated for the first in the country.

The economic life of each city and region can be measured by the concept of sustainable competitiveness with the identity and contexts of those cities and regions. Lack of attention to these contexts can jeopardize the viability of economic life and competitiveness. Planning and investments in some cities and regions of Iran can weaken their economic sustainability in the long run. Recognition of native potentials in Tabriz city and identification of the current situation with a context-oriented approach is the main issues of this study. This study aimed at explaining the dimensions and strategies of promoting urban and regional competitiveness by focusing on contextual potentials in the Tabriz case study. This study is first a descriptive and analytical research to extract the theoretical foundations and dimensions of contextual competitiveness. Then, the case study section was conducted using a combination of analytical and survey methods approaching strategic contextual research. This survey was conducted to analyze the factors affecting the competitiveness and branding of Tabriz city by surveying experts and urban managers through Delphi questionnaire distribution technique with 30 people. The results indicate that contextual competitive advantages can be defined in the natural, geographical, historical, spatial-physical, religious, cultural, social, economic, scientific, and sport fields. The results of field research and statistical analysis on competitiveness of Tabriz city based on the ideas of experts and managers are: ‘originality and global reputation’ and ‘creativity and innovation’ are the most important factors affecting the competitiveness of Tabriz city; ‘unfamiliarity with the factors involved’, ‘lack of specialized look and branding training’, ‘lack of prioritization of indigenous identity’ and ‘political and legal barriers’ are the most important obstacles to competitiveness in Tabriz; ‘historical sites’, ‘genuine goods’, and ‘Tractor Club and Yadgar Imam Stadium’ are the most important aspects for Tabriz’s competitiveness; ‘facilitating political and legal space’, ‘creating economic benefits’, ‘providing tourism facilities (access, amenities, and services)’ are the most important strategies to improve the competitiveness of Tabriz city. The most important innovations proposed in this research with emphasis on Tabriz city conditions include: offering new and adaptable local investment opportunities, entrepreneurship in the field of local businesses, creating and developing identity brands, creating competitive benefits with the focus on the fields and their branding, development of religious tourism infrastructure; branding and development of historical, cultural, social, sport, natural and environmental tourism infrastructure. Also, from the viewpoint of the respondents, introducing the most appropriate aspect of Tabriz's contextual competitiveness, revitalizing historical sites and original goods, paying attention to the branding of the Tractor Club and Yadgar Imam Stadium are important.