مجله علم و وکالت
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1398)

Registration of documents and real estate today plays a significant role in consolidating the rights of individuals, so that official documents in the current situation are one of the best reasons to prove the case. Old rules of registration, the adoption of inaccurate policies and procedures in this area, Not paying attention to the use of scientific tools and mechanisms for updating the services of registration and accelerating the affairs. And most importantly, preventing mistakes and abuse of some people Provides favorable opportunities for offenders to commit crimes of record. These crimes in terms of works that directly or indirectly require special attention to criminal policy makers. Because it seems that the awareness and information about these crimes has not been listened to by the audience, and most people either do not know or do not know about these crimes. While far more severe than other crimes that are known and commonplace. On the other hand, the legislator's goal is to establish a non-official office and registration organization, to produce official documents for the purpose of consolidating the ownership of individuals and rights. The document is a tool of survival and solidity. Including the right to property and other objective and religious rights .If the notary or employee of the record acts contrary to his mission, he does not aim at the legislator and disrupts the security of the property and the social order. Therefore, his practice is a crime and requires punishment. It is also the practice of those who value the document by forging and so on

The Public Service Institution, one of the alternatives imprisonment of criminal juveniles considered to be a juvenile criminal, is proposed by doing (free) in favor of the society, instead of going to prison, and compensate for the error is committed. In other words, public services for free or work Public Works of the court's orders, which demanded compensation juvenile criminal opportunity for the mistakes committed by and do a prisoner in favor of society. Therefore, it is better that instead of seeing harmful and destructive effects on the personality of prison juvenile criminal, worse than the pain medication, of talent, knowledge, experience and expertise he will benefit the society optimized use to their religion and the community and had in the evolution of his character, the void. This paper effort, public services as an alternative to the detention of criminal juveniles and introduced the challenges in the context of its implementation, social and cultural Iran and cash.

Today, settlement of international commercial disputes via recourse to arbitral tribunals and referring to arbitrators is considered to be common and rife. Difficult at the ground to try judiciary issues comprise: long proceedings process, litigation charges, different substantive laws in states, existence of elaborate procedures and etc. are available. And this causes to persuade parties referring to the arbitration instead of court for obviating their disputes. Iranian international arbitration commercial law with goal of the facility of the trade settlement was accepted and enacted in year 1376. Noted law is inferred from UNCITRAL model law. Model law enacted year 1985 is regarded to be important source for member states in ground of resolving disputes at arbitration. One of the significant issues in this law is discussion about” interim measures of protection”. By reason of defects and deficient that were presented on the ground, the UNCITRAL working group embarked to reform in year of 2006 for adding new articles. This event eventuated to advance and improvement in international arbitration position. And many of the countries concurrent with reformation, staged to retrospection of their own laws. However, Iranian international arbitration commercial law also without accompaniment to the international revolutions was fixed. With the delinquency in our law, willingness of individuals to settle their disputes through arbitration regarding Iranian law will be reduced. Hence, we try in this research to study reformation happened on the UNCITRAL model law and other national laws and need for Iranian legislative into concurrent with the revolutions that are necessary in international society.

Discussion of civil liability arises from errors on the advice of the risk of legal advice, counseling psychology, athletic trainers, consultants economic and agents related ،responsibility of priests and religious scholars in their consulting deals and other kinds of free advice.
Civil liability arises from errors in counseling means responsibility that causes consultancy activities. It is further called on the institutions that provide a wide variety of consulting. It has been advising the error that may lead to liability of the Institute. In American and European countries insurance companies, the insurance industry has provided specific insurance of this job and also covered this type of job transgressions.
But the remarkable thing is that the civil liability arising from errors in the first consultation has been raised about the responsibility of priests. In this study, after examining the general rules of civil liability, it explains the general principles of civil liability of Consultation. Then, the civil liability arising from errors in consulting considers religious points.

This article investigates various aspects of cyber-espionage and its criminal and legal issues, explaining the similarities and differences of traditional espionage with cyber-espionage, explaining cyber-espionage conditions and elements with an approach to unauthorized access to information and security breach. The country and the explanation of the laws of Iran are subject to cyber spying. This article examines cyber-espionage and its dimensions in terms of cybercrime law, as well as the laws and materials related to cyber-crime. The challenges and obstacles in the way of dealing with cybercrime and in particular cyber espionage, the differences and similarities and the relationship between the various materials about espionage in Islamic Penal Code are also addressed. Finally, suggestions are made to resolve legal vacancies and legal problems.

One of the things that have been accepted as a principle in civil procedures is related to the principle of invariance of action elements[3]. As no mentioned and discussed to this principle in our legal literature and law, thus the aim of this paper is to explain the elements of the action and the cause of action factors under the evaluation on the possibility of its alteration during the proceedings or meet to the latter part of Article no. 98 of the Civil Procedure Act that the masters of Civil proceeding Procedures have been little studies in the given books and articles before. Principles and theories of matter and use of resources and reference detect binding force are studied at this aim and introduced and discussed, the rules, documents and national legislation on the cause of action discussed. This does not mean a reduced role for the parties. Acceptance of the objections that cannot be limited to certain cases, but it would be subjected to some exigency and privative elements. Therefore, in this research, due to materials of CPA[4], the elements and causes of action shall be defined and it was studied how to change it in practice.

Casts are populations and groups that are gradually isolated from common beliefs in a society and claim their nature in separation from society. The findings of this study show that there is less sectarianism in which crime is unacceptable. Most sects commit a variety of crimes and are influential in their realization of purely sectarian goals. Achieving the goal is by any means the fundamental motto of these groups. Within the cult, disciples experience many stages that result in a person's transformation in society. The emergence of emerging intellectual cults and their growing growth in many countries, especially Iran, has created many problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the types of crimes and the impact of emerging cults in their conduct. It has been documented and its results show the influence of emerging sects in the realization of all kinds of crimes.

One of the types of crime categorization is the categorization in terms of the significance of the crime and the severity of the punishment. Testimonies are form of Islamic punishments that have been created since the beginning of the formation of the Islamic religion alongside punitive punishment, which in terms of the importance of crime and severity of punishment has a lower grade than the limits. Successions, including religious matters, are the subject of debate and disagreement in Islamic jurisprudence. Imprisoned sentences have no background in Iran's criminal law. The Iranian criminal lawmen for the first time in the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, without giving a definition of this institution, and clarifying their instances, have made certain rulings on it and have somehow dealt with. The purpose of the sanctity of Shari'ah is the special punishments imposed by the sacred order and the size of it for the sins of the ta'zir, and according to Iran's law, it has also been punished for some crimes, such as: homosexuality of men, confession of adultery less than 4 times, respectively Items 237 and 232 of the Criminal Code. According to paragraph 2 of article 115 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, punishments in the form of sanctions imposed by religious law are not subject to significant privileges such as custody, deferral of punishment and suspension of punishment.