مجله حقوقی دادگستری
پیاپی 106 (تابستان 1398)

One of the great problems of our society from the very beginning of the legislation in Iran in 1906 until now which passes more than one hundred years is that of law and legislation. Among these problems, the management of the massive volume of the laws and regulations is still a problem that needs consideration. The legislative inflation is so much that even lawyers confront difficulties in finding applicable rules. Though different attempts have been made since 1960s to manage the legislative inflation in Iran and two laws are enacted in 1971 and 2010 in this respect, but much of these efforts belong to the depuration and not codification. Depuration that means to recognize and remove repealed laws and regulations and to do some minor edits on them, is a part of the codification in its formal sense that is fulfilled in some countries such as United States, France and Argentina. The main purpose of the codification is to consolidate all existing laws (and regulations) regarding a given subject in a single text with a unified and comprehensive structure and to locate all articles and sub-articles in their proper place in this structure. In this sense, formal codification goes beyond the mere depuration. The research method is descriptive and analytic.

AbstractThe conflict resolution rules pertaining to determination of applicable law on the subjects of intellectual property law including copyright are seriously challenged by the advent of Internet. This is because of much increase in the possibility of misuse from copyrighted works and also infringement of the creator’s rights around the world due to the spread of Internet use. The specific nature of intellectual property and the domination of the principle of territoriality as well as the diversity of these rights and lack of internationally accepted conflict resolution rules specific to intellectual property law lead to numerous different problems for the courts in each of the different countries of the world. Hence, in order to achieve the most effective rules of conflict resolutions in this field and particularly in relation to solving the problems caused by Internet, existing laws and regulations were studied using documentary method. The findings of this research indicate that the closest connection rule which is raised and supported by modern academic approaches such as the system designed by American Law Institute can be useful and effective in confronting the challenges and limitations of intellectual property law both in theoretical and practical aspects.

AbstractOn the one hand, existence of any ambiguity in explaining the status of development program rules in Iranian legal system, may bring this assumption to mind that some of the acts of parliament have a dominant position in relation to other laws. This assumption is reinforced when the program rules is recognized as a supreme law in some procedures. In this situation, a legal issue arises; Privileged status under the constitution is not recognised but actually the hierarchy of laws in Iran's legal system, faced with a fundamental change. When the set of rules have a single unit in the Iranian legal system, how can recognized and extend the feature's constitution and its consequences to an ordinary law, even if parliament approve it under the program rules?On the other hand, it is possible when we determine the top position for program rules, certainly impose the specific format and limitation of legislative initiative to parliament. When a program rules impose to forces, It is possible that the most important duties of government institutions be affected by the program rules and some of the duties that explicitly stated in the constitution, run out priorities.

According to reports from international institutions and organizations, including Human Rights Watch, High Commissioner for Human Rights and Amnesty International, Myanmar Muslims, and in particular the ethnic and religious minority of Rohingya Muslims, have been pursuing discriminatory policies and the criminal acts of the Myanmar government and its Buddhist residents since decades. Meanwhile, the recent human tragedy and the terrible crimes committed against the Rohingya Muslims, which have been accompanied by the government of Myanmar and the military regime of the country, have more and more been faced with the response of the international community. Given the correspondence of these crimes with actus reus and mens rea of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity, prosecution of those perpetrators at both national and international levels is debatable. At the national level, the Myanmar Courts, based on two principles of territorial jurisdiction and nationality jurisdiction and third countries courts based on the universality principle (Subject to the identification of such a principle in their internal laws) may interfere. More importantly, the mechanisms available at the international level include the referral of the status to the International Criminal Court or the formation of the Particular International Criminal Court by the United Nations Security Council. In addition, there is also an intermediary mechanism, which is a hybrid or internationalized court that can be formed on the basis of an agreement between the Government of Myanmar and the Security Council. In this paper, the pros and cons of each of these courts is reviewed in order to handling of recent crimes committed in Myanmar.

Ataollah RudgarAbstract:Combating crime, denying the offenders of proceeds and incomes, compensating for damages and restoring criminal assets to the legitimate owner, requires close cooperation between countries. Meanwhile, there are numerous political, economic, social, legal and even technical factors that prevent them from achieving these goals. But the importance of co-operation between countries and the need to confront crime offenders and international obligations of countries requires that these factors do not prevent cooperation. In this regard, countries, with due regard to the necessity of the matter and in accordance with the recommendations of international instruments, in order to motivate for active participation of States and organizations in the process of prosecution and cooperation for the seizure and extradition of property derived from crime, by ratification Internal laws, the establishment of bilateral and case agreements, and practical procedures created new rules ,named »fair sharing of property and proceeds from crime«. To each of them, in proportion to their participation in the operation, they split a percentage of the confiscated property, which has been effective in practice as a new strategy for cooperation between countries, and so far billions of dollars in cash and property and proceeds which are driven from the crime, Had been taken from the offender of the offense and was returned to the legitimate owners or shared between the parties who have collaborated, which has also been very effective in countering offenses, in particular the prevention of corruption in the governorates.

Violence against women is an ancient and rather widespread phenomenon in all societies. More than the high rate of different sorts of physical, mental, sexual and economic violence against women, the crucial issues which demand women's support are the black figure of violence, the necessity of family member's support and violated women's treatment in order to prevent its repetition. Nowadays, regardless of the need or no need for social-based intervention, various attempts have been made to protect women at the risk of domestic violence or violated ones, by governmental organizations and NGOs. Designing "safe house" is a sample for protection. The fundamental role of safe houses in the protection of these women by presenting long and short- terms supports has not already been under the spotlight of scholars. Hence, the authors in this paper firstly have discussed the background and the features of safe houses in the countries such as Canada, USA, etc. In the second step, different responsible people in the governmental and non-governmental safe houses in the city of Tehran have been interviewed and their safety instructions are analyzed. The third step is to consider the supportive characteristics of these houses and their challenges such as the lack of physical space and the professional staff, low budget, etc. The findings emphasize the importance of safe houses in Iran, enhancing their situation by means of inclusive education, public awareness and all parts of the society's supports to present qualified programs in legal, psychological, medical, etc. aspects.

What is clearly apparent in the law on the reform of the Counter Narcotics Law is the excessive resort to severe penalties, including lengthy imprisonment and execution in legal textsBut the case-law in this regard suggests that, despite the fact that according to the legal texts on many offenders in this area, severe sentences of execution or life imprisonment should be issued and enforced, but in many cases we are witnessing this. That such sentences are not issued at the initial stage or, if the Revolutionary Courts decide to issue such sentences, these sentences are not usually approved and enforced, and only limited cases that are enforceableIn this research, the authors have analyzed samples of convictions in this regard in order to illustrate the inconsistency of the criminal and legal criminal law in the area of drug crimes, and in view of what the criminals are for a computation Precisely provokes the investigation of the execution of a sentence, not the severity of the sentence written in the legal texts,

Nationality of children which are born by assisted reproduction techniquesAbstract:New methods of fertility such as intrauterine fertility or injection of spermatozoa into the cytoplasm of ovule caused that lawyers and jurisconsults started to survey and claim about various legal dimensions of children which are born by this method. The nationality of the child which is born – citizenship birth – is among the subjects which require legal analysis. Recognizing of this vital fact required to recognize the patrilineal of child which is consequence of such methods like that, because the Iranian legislator accounts the citizenship of Iran as a criterion of patrilineal of child. If the fetus will be the result of the Iranian father’s sperm, and non-Iranian female’s ovule, the child will be Iranian, but if the fetus will be the result of non-Iranian male’s sperm, and Iranian or non- Iranian female’s ovule, the child will be non-Iranian.

In the dignity-oriented model of proceedings, the accused or suspected person enjoys some fundamental rights which cannot be taken away from him/her merely by him/her being arrested, accused or apprehended. One of these rights is the right to wear personal, normal, optional clothing; this shall be in a manner which no entity or agency is authorized to deprive him/her of this right and coerce him/her to put on “criminal garb. This is so due to the fact that until is proven otherwise, the accused is assumed innocent and his/her outfit shall represent this state of guiltlessness. It means, the accused shall be treated under the aegis of the presumption of innocence not the presumption of criminality; ergo, the outfit of the accused plays a significant role in his/ her quality of defense, the judicial decision and the public judgment. Notwithstanding, in the proceedings of the current Iranian criminal justice system, the accused is forced to wear criminal clothes— something that leads into them and their relatives being subject to negative labelling and misjudgment. Apropos of the question “what is the legal base of the current practice”, the present study identified that not only the current practice is not in harmony with the national codes and the international standards, but also it is in conflict with the strategic principles of the criminal procedures, particularly human dignity, the presumption of innocence, procedural legality, equality of arms, impartiality and the protection of citizenship rights. In this regard, it is a particular desideratum that the present practice gets more aligned with the universal standards and the strategic principles.

This article has drawn various kinds of conflict in implementation of punishments in jurisprudential (fiqhi) approach and from Iranian penal code’s point of view. Since the crimes and punishments have not been classified based on the seriousness and weakness of crimes it is complicated to find the ways of conflict resolution in case of conflict in implementation of punishment. The article emphasizes that one decisive criterion for conflict resolution in implementation of punishments in Islamic jurisprudence is the priority of those relating to God’s rights over those containing people’s rights. The article has shed light on the nature of God’s rights (Hagh Allah) punishments and people rights (Hagh al-Nas) punishments and the examples of each category. The article explains evidences in favor of priority of people rights over God’s rights and criticizes the position taken by Iranian penal code over the issue. At the end, the article suggests proposals for improvement of the related articles and regulations in Iranian criminal law

Abstract The referral of claims regarding public and governmental properties to arbitration, according to the Principle of 139 of the Constitution and Article 457 of the Iranian Civil Rules of Procedure and Evidence, is subject to the ratification of the cabinet and information of the Islamic Majlis. This limitation has made some challenges, in particular, in the field of international trade and investment. One of the ways for overcoming these challenges is to know when to take the permission for referral of the claim to arbitration regarding properties mentioned in the Principle 139. The time of the conclusion of the contract or inclusion of arbitration clause in the contract is not significant. This article tried, in a descriptive-analytical method, to justify that the time of taking permission for referral of the claims stated in the Principle 139 to arbitration is from the happening of dispute to the final phase of arbitration process and the execution of the award not the time of the conclusion of the contract. Key Words: Arbitration, Principle 139, Public and governmental properties, Claim, the Time of Taking Permission for Referral of the Claim to Arbitration