نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و یکم شماره 6 (پیاپی 85، شهریور 1398)

Different methods are used in environmental impact assessment (EIA), like matrix methods which are included Leopold, Moore, conventional and modified ICOLD and etc.  Since the conventional and modified ICOLD results are mainly qualitative and decision making for implementation or non- implementation of the project would be difficult. Therefore, the aim of present study is offering strategy to normalize the results of modified ICOLD in order to compare with the results of Iranian Leopold method, while investigation and comparison between the results of the EIA has been taken by using the conventional and modified ICOLD matrices.

For this purpose, we used the EIA tools on the physical environment and only at the construction phase of Peyghamchay embankment dam, as a case study. Initial scrutiny was performed using both conventional and modified ICOLD points out that although the number of positive and negative impacts are the same in groups (+96, -235), but the impact values was quite different in two methods.

The value of positive impacts of conventional and modified ICOLD are +156.0 and +260.2 and the value of negative impacts are -341.0 and -392.8, respectively. These amounts ​​indicate an increase in the value of positive and negative impacts of 66.8 and 15.2 percent in modified ICOLD method compared to conventional, respectively. The normalized results of modified ICOLD method point out that the final value of physical environment impacts compared with principles of decision-making in Iranian Leopold method amounts to +0.83 and -1.08 for positive and negative results, respectively. In this case, for the physical environment, implementation of the project can only be carried out by recommended reforms. Discussion and

Considering the strategy presented in this research (the normalization of the results in modified ICOLD method), this method can be utilized exclusively and effectively, therefore, there would be no need to use the both methods for evaluation at the same time.

 Noise pollution caused by vehicle traffic is one the important problems in the urban areas.  As the cost of construction and installation of acoustic walls to prevent the noise pollution is high, dealing with this problem needs to follow the techniques that will increase the cost of the implementation on roads. Improving the pavement texture of the superstructure is one of the methods which is very effective in order to reduce the noise of tire and road surfaces and reduce sound reflection from the surface of the asphalt.
For the evaluation of asphalt resistance test is in accordance with ASTM English standard pendulum E303-74 in wet conditions on the different parts of the asphalt.
The number of friction road surfaces with a coefficient of negative noise level compared with the amount of 0.1469, i.e. by increasing the number of friction road surfaces will reduce the amount of created noise level. As well as the depth of the texture of the road surfaces that form the superstructure materials fitted size is designated with a direct proportion with the amount of pollution 0.2810 which is coefficient for the sound created and any size from fine-grained materials will increase the amount of sound level.
Discussion and According to the results of the estimated coefficients from the equation, it can be found that in the hands of the preparation of road surfaces with high friction number can release the noise pollution level including the noise of moving vehicles, especially in urban areas and sensitive areas. It is therefore advisable the sensitive areas to be in the process of preparation of the superstructure and maintain the order adopting the proper resistance of road surfaces and the coarser materials.

Drought is a natural and repeatable disasterwhich affects all climates. Because of the intrinsically dry climate and low precipitation in Sistan plain, the main water resources are surface water originated from a neighboring country. This study investigates the relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought in Sistan plain.
At first, meteorological and hydrological drought were investigated by indices including moving average, SPI and SDI in Sistan plain. Moreover, the relationship between them was evaluated for 45 years.
Results show that indices of meteorological and hydrological droughts do not match with each other in the entire of the study period, but there is a significant relationship between them during dry years. It was also observed that a drought period started in 1999 and continued until 2012.
Discussion and Therefore, due to low volume and high coefficient of variations of rainfall and vital role of surface flows in the supply of water in the plain, hydrological drought shows conditions of drought is better than the meteorological drought in Sistan plain.

Wastewater from the steel industry as one of the heavy metal pollution sources plays an important role in environmental pollution. Therefore, the optimal treatment and removal of these pollutants are very important to protect the environment and achieve discharge standards. In the Mobarakeh Steel Complex, wastewater is produced during the production of galvanized steel and tin-plated steel, containing high concentrations of ferrous and chromium metals. In this study, the efficiency of the coagulation and flocculation process in removing these metals from the wastewater of Mobarakeh Steel chemical treatment plant is investigated. To design the experiments, the central composite design method, which is the most common design type in response surface methodology (RSM), is used. The variables studied in this study are four factors of pH, inlet turbidity, coagulant and coagulant aid concentrations that each is studied at five levels. For each of the studied metals, a regression model of removal percentage is obtained based on the effective factors. Results of the modeling stage shows that pH is the most effective factor on the effluent iron concentration and inlet turbidity is the most effective factor on chromium percent removal. The optimization results show the optimum coagulant dose (ferric chloride) 397 mg/L, coagulant aid concentration (polyelectrolyte) 0.06 mg/L, optimum pH of 10.25 and optimum inlet turbidity of 103 NTU. Discussion & RSM is an effective method in experimental design that by developing a second-order regression model of the coagulation-flocculation process, it is possible to predict different operating conditions and simultaneous effect of factors on the response.

The groups of harmful factors in the ecosystem are heavy metalsn which are particularly important due to their lack of absorption and physiological effects at low concentration on living organisms.

In this research, the ability of plant tree species to absorb heavy metal mercury was investigated. Two-year-old seedlings of plane tree species were prepared from nursery. Zero and 100 mg / L concentrations of mercuric chloride solution were added to the seedlings' potting soil. After six months, the shoot and root were isolated from the growth of the seedlings, then the concentration of mercury metal was determined in samples and then the data were analyzed.

The results of data analysis showed that the highest amount of mercury accumulation in the shoot was 64.95 mg / kg at the root was117.94 mg / kg and in the soil were 21.33 mg / kg and the total chlorophyll content and sugar content were 4.66 mg / g and 0.552 mg / g, respectively.
Discussion and

Based on the results of this study, plane tree species is relatively suitable for purification of contaminated soils from mercury metal.

The discharge of dying wastewater effluent from the textile industry into the water body can be toxic due to their long time presence in the environment and is the leading major cause of the environmental damage. It is difficult to remove color from dye effluents with conventional wastewater treatment methods. Then advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are potentially powerful method to remove these organic contaminations.

In the present study the photocatalytic performance of the silver-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles over the surface of Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated trough the degradation of reactive red 195 dyes in water under light UV.  The Effects of different titanium dioxide to Fe-ZSM-5 ratio, dye concentration, photocatalyst concentration and pH of the water solution was studied at room temperature.

The EDX analysis, a semiquantitative elemental analysis of the surface which indicates that Ti and silver (Ag) was successfully loaded on the surface of Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite. The result of EDX shows that the mean weight percentage of Si, Fe, Ti and Ag was 19.98, 5.48, 56.95 and 15.65%, respectively. The SEM images showed that unloaded Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite has a well-defined cubic shape and tends to change a spherical regular morphology and a uniform nanoparticle of TiO2 and Ag with spherical shape distributed onto Ag-TiO2/Fe-ZSM-5 photocatalyst. The XRD analysis approved the formation of the Fe-ZSM-5 and anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and Ag-doped onto surface of the Fe-ZSM-5 photocatalyst.
Discussion and

The results revealed that photocatalytic removal efficiency of Fe-ZSM-5 with Ag-doped TiO2 was significantly influenced by the solution pH. It decreased as the solution pH increased. The best performance of Ag-TiO2/Fe-ZSM-5 photocatalyst in removal of Reactive 195 (100%) was achieved at pH 3, 300 mg/L photocatalyst dose, 50 mg/L dye concentration, 75 min contact time and Ag-TiO2 with the ratio of 1. However, a minimum of dye removal efficiency of 32% was obtaimed at pH 9 under aforementioned condition. The reusability of the photocatalyst was still significant after seven times repeated cycles.

Carbonate, Cation exchange capacity and Specific surface area are the three factors which  play a significant role in the retention of heavy metal contaminants by the soil. However, the amount and role of each of these three factors in heavy metal retention process is not clearly known. Accordingly, this experimental study attempts to examine the role of each of these factors on the heavy metal retention process. This study has been performed by the use of bentonite clay sample (which has 8% natural carbonate, significantly large specific surface area  and cation exchange capacity), kaolinite (which has 4% natural carbonate, small specific surface area and cation exchange capacity), industrial nano-clay called Cloisite®Na+ (free of carbonate, large specific surface area and considerable cation exchange capacity), industrial nano-clay called Cloisite®30B (free of carbonate, large specific surface area  and small cation exchange capacity), and laboratory sample of nano-clay called SLB (Surface Layer Bentonite) (free of carbonate, large specific surface area  and considerable cation exchange capacity).
In this regard, by conducting a series of geotechnical and geo-environmental experiments, the interaction process of kaolinite clay samples, bentonite, industrial Cloisite®Na+, industrial Cloisite®30B, and laboratory nano-clay SLB with heavy metal contaminants of lead and copper were experimentally explored and studied.
The analysis of experimental studies including soil buffering capacity, X-ray diffraction test and the measurement of heavy metal retention by soil samples indicate that in comparing of carbonate content, cation exchange capacity, and specific surface area of soil samples the significant role of each parameter in heavy metal retention is as follows, respectively:   
Carbonate > Cation exchange capacity (CEC) > Specific surface area (SSA).

The pressure on groundwater resources greatly increased with increase of human activities. Since the aquifers are majority drinking water supply, the correct evaluations of these resources are necessary. Due to the uncertainty of water quality standard ranges, a method that leads to reliable results can be valuable. So in this study, two approaches as EWOV and SPA was proposed in order to groundwater quality assessment using fuzzy concepts and entropy theory.

For qualitative evaluation of groundwater resources, two proposed approach are considered. In the EWOV method based on Euclidean distance between each parameter and their standard, the quality ratings of each sample is determined using certain quality ranges. In the SPA method, the samples are evaluated based on fuzzy interval of each parameter. To evaluate the effectiveness of the two approaches, the 21 samples of SARAYAN plain were used.

With implementation of the proposed approachs and extract the results of quality rankings samples can be found that the 42 percentage of the samples in wet period were in the mid-range class using EWOV method. By applying the uncertainty in quality classes, these percentages of monitored samples have acceptable quality level. Samples quality rankings study due to its location in the plains shows the results of SPA are more coordination with natural conditions of the aquifer. The results of the SPA method imply that the parts of the northwest, north and mid-plains are good and have acceptable quality for drinking consumption. Also, 42 and 74 percent of samples are located in quality classification of acceptable and acceptable to moderate in the wet and dry seasons, respectively.
Discussion and

Comparison of two methods result are indicative the appropriate precision of quality ranking offered by the SPA method and being consistent with the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer (such as P11 and P15). So, SPA as a preferred method in quality assessment of groundwater is recommended.

Trapezoidal Cemented Sand and Gravel Dam(trapezoidal CSG dams) are new type of dams which recently considered as environmental point of view specially. These types of dams have less negative effect on environment specially compare to concrete weight dams. Considering the positive environmental performance of these dams, it’s important to assess their structural performance.
As the dynamic researches on CSG dams are so limited, this research will analysis the trapezoidal CSG dams using finite element method with ABAQUS software.
 To calculate earthquake damages, fragility curves plotted based on damage index which is the length of cracks on the dam base and areas of the cracks on dam.
Discussion and The final results of this research shows trapezoidal CSG dams comparing with concrete dams showing a good structure resistance and in some other sampels they showed a better performance than concrete gravity dams, considering the materials in trapezoidal CSG dams weakened to reduce the negative environment aspect of dams.

Using water is common in all industries and without this vital material, industrial activities would be impossible. Among all industries, the refinery industries are the most water-intensive ones. Given to the recent drought, the present study tried to identify the best water source of Persian refinery in Fars province.

The dominant approach of the present study is quantitative and applied research. Elites and experts from the various governmental agencies considered as the respondents of the present study. The data analyzed using Expert Choice software and AHP technique.

The results showed that social coherence, trust, responsibility, and participation are respectively the most effective factors to choose of the water sources. Also, the most suitable sources of water supply were the water management. Discussion and

The goal of comprehensive water resources management is to create a system that has the benefit of reflection and feedback by interacting water management with the environment and social and economic development and finally, with the participation of different sectors. Decisions are made on allocating and developing water resources. Therefore the policy-making and planning of water resources management should be formulated and defined in accordance with the knowledge of water interconnections and development, the facilities and management tools, technical and financial facilities, and the constraints of the social and political system of society which the present study can initiate this route.

Development in sciences are influenced by the wys of comfort in living today. But, the development has provided high problems such as environmental pollution. Heavy metals are the most important elements that contaminated environment and are poisonous for human as well. These elements such as Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Co and Cu are produced by industrial activities.

This paper attempts to apply geochemical methods such as statistical and geostatistical method for evaluation of distribution heavy metals in soils. Thermal power plant of Shazand in the close of Mohajaran of Arak city is the center of elemental pollution accompanied with refinery and petrochemical in this area.

This study is determined that among the elements such as Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Co and Cu, only Cd is contaminants element.
Discussion and

The amount of Cd is high in fuel raw of Iran and Shazand power plant uses this fuel. Therefore, Cd has increased in the extruded smok and has transferred by wind and has deposited in the soil.

Diameter, insertion depth and spacing of drainage pipes are three crucial variables in the design of underground drainage network. Effluents have a great potential to leave lots of damage on the environment. The proper selection of design variables can lead to reducing the environmental damage. The purpose of this paper is to provide a model for selecting optimal design parameters for underground drainage systems to reduce environmental damage, in a way that after the discharge of drainage to the river, river salinity concentration does not exceed the acceptable limit.

For this purpose, maximization of difference between drainage water salinity and acceptable limit was considered as the objective function. Genetic Algorithm (GA), kind of evolutionary algorithm, has been used to simulate the transmission and the salt Hooghoudt model was used also. In Hooghoudt model water transition to drainage is modeled in two upper and lower individual part. In order to evaluate the proposed model, an agro-industrial unit Salman Farsi was chosen as case study. Matlab software was employed to program the formula and algorithm which has been used in this research, including Hooghoudt salinity transfer simulation function and GA algorithm optimization.

Results show that the pipe depth is complying with minimum allowable depth. In other words, since the objective function of the model is to achieve minimal environmental damage, the minimum depth of installation is generally chosen. Optimum diameter, insertion depth and spacing have been obtained 1.3, 0.1 and 34.3 respectively. The results of the sensitivity of the model to change of the two basic assumptions, minimum allowable depth and stabilize the water table depth stabilizing, shows by increasing the allowable minimum depth of installation, drainage spacing increases and reducing the depth of the water table stabilizing will increase the drainage intervals and leads to increasing the concentration of drainage water discharged to the environment.
Discussion and

In this study and by using information about the Salman Farsi agro-industry company, to reduce the environmental damage caused by drainage projects, installation depth of drainage should be equal to the minimum allowable depth.

The necessity of measuring elements in aquatic life comes from two aspects of ecological management and human nutritional health. In the present study, concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in sediments and muscle tissue of four native fish species of Dez River were studied to study metal contamination and its relationship with status factor (CF) and bioconcentration factor BCF). After bioassay of fish samples, digestion of the samples was performed by combining one to four nitric acids with perchloric acid and the concentration of the elements was measured by an absorbent apparatus.On the other hand, CF values ​​were lower than the thresholds introduced for salmonids. Also comparisons of Zn concentrations in sediments are higher than the world standard CaISQG and tolerable IAEA-407 levels and in muscle tissue, Zn and Cd concentrations are higher than UK standards (MAFF) and NHMRC, respectively, indicating dangerous levels. They are for human health. Fidings: The mean concentrations of metals in sediments and muscle tissue showed a decreasing trend for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Pb, Cd, Cu, respectively. Statistical analysis of the results showed the highest correlation between the accumulation of metals and CF in the twin species and the highest loading of its contamination by calculating the MPI index. The resulting BCF also shows a decreasing trend in the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead from the environment. Discussion & It seemsthat the conditions of the study area from Dez River are unfavorable for fish compared to free waters and high cadmium concentration in studied samples can be due to effluent. The farmland overlooks the river.

This study is focused on four heavy and toxic metals (Pb, Cd, hg and As) accumulation in muscle, skin and gill tissue of three fish species Alectis indicus; Epinephelus chlorostima, and imniscutus lutjanus. Moreover the relationships between some biological characteristics (weight, total and standard length) and the levels of the selected elements as well as inter-elemental relationships were assessed. The samples were collected from two important fishery zones of Bushehr located in the Iranian part of the Persian Gulf during September and October. After biometrical measurements, muscles, skin and gill tissue were separated. Metals were extracted from tissues using Closed Digestion method and acidic mixture. Concentrations of the heavy metals were measured using a sequential atomic absorption spectrometer. Results show negative linear relationship between accumulation of Pb, Cd and Hg with standard length and positive linear relationship between accumulation of As with total length and weight. Gills showed the highest concentrations of heavy metals and muscle was the lowest concentrations and it was significant. We found the highest concentrations of Pb and Cd in Alectis indicus, the highest concentrations of Hg and As in Lutjanus imniscatus, the lowest concentrations in Epinephelus chlorostima and it was significant. In all the cases, the amounts of heavy and toxic metals (Pb, Cd, hg and As) were higher than concentration of international guidelines FDA, WHO, NHMRC for human consumption.

 Mangrove forests of Iran is the only landscape of forest in the hot and dry southern coast of Iran that is ecological and Ecotourism value and is dependent on to their southern coastal livelihoods. Therefore it is essential to awareness of changes mangrove forest as a national property. Environmental changes occur in the vast and long term and remote sensing technology could be very suitable and accurate tool for monitoring changes.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in forest cover Khorkhoran protected mangrove area according to Hydrodynamic Processes Strait of Hormuz. For this purpose, we used Landsat satellite images of 1989-2015 and a variety of remote sensing techniques, including the difference of images, the difference of vegetation, the main component of difference tasseled cap and compare the classification. To evaluate the accuracy of changing detection techniques, taken from the ground realities through Field observations and satellite images of Google Earth, the total accuracy and Kappa coefficient were used.
The results show that the detection of post-processing methods, methods of principal components analysis (PCA1) and difference vegetation is suitable methods for detecting changes. After applying the method comparative of classification, that is a pre-processing method, maximum likelihood algorithm with 0/9781overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 32/98% was introduced as the best method of classification of satellite images. Was also in 1989 year the mangrove forests (dense and scattered) 125.8 square kilometers that added to the 48.9 square kilometers in the last 26 years.
Discussion and Increased mangrove forests Because of Factors Such as increasing temperature and sea levels, increased sediments in the delta region and the low slope of the coastal area.  Therefore, any facility and infrastructure projects should pay attention to environmental considerations and ecological.

Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and it affects the economy of both source and host countries, and in some countries this way of income is a vital importance. Hamedan Township is one of the most popular and important tourism areas of Iran. It is rich in nature, history and culture which make a favorite destination for various tourists. There are so many tourist attractions in Hamedan Township include historical, cultural and natural sites such as waterfall and mountain. Due to rapid growth of ecotourism, a challenge for the decision makers is the way of managing ecotourism in order to minimize the negative impacts for sustainable development of tourism.

The main objective of this study is to identify and prioritize the potential ecotourism site in Hamadan County, Iran, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Seven criteria including slope, aspect, distance from water, distance from road, land use, vegetation were used in this study. Criteria's and sub-criteria's were selected according to the professional expert's opinions. The final map of suitable areas for study area prepared using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) technique in GIS environment.

The results showed that 15049 ha (5/5%) of study area has first class potential (high suitable), 114919 ha (41%) has second class potential (high), 122589 ha (44%) has third class potential (low) and 26292 ha (9/9%) has four class potential (very low suitable) based on WLC method, but in both models most suitable area is located in west and southwest of township.
Discussion and

Suitable management for ecotourism development is essential in order to conserve and maintain the biological richness of the area. The results of this site selection models can be a useful reference to the ecotourism planning and development for manager and decision makers.

Examining and identifying the conditions and bottlenecks in the sustainable development of entrepreneurial units are one of the most important issues of today’s planning and policy on entrepreneurial business. According to this point this study aimed to investigate the level of sustainability in agricultural entrepreneurial activities in Kermanshah province.

This research is an applied and descriptive-survey way of doing it. In order to collect the required data, the two methods of documentary and field (questionnaire) were used. Content validity was evaluated, approved and modified by a group of experts and professors from the Razi University in Kermanshah Department of Agriculture and Entrepreneurship. The validity coefficient for agricultural entrepreneurs and experts questionnaires were calculated, 0.72 and 0.82, respectively.

The analysis level of entrepreneurial research activity and Analysis Unit and agricultural entrepreneur’s analysis unit was 72 and professionals was 27. To analyze the data, the statistical method and pattern ISDM is used. The results show that the development of entrepreneurial activities in agricultural activities is relatively in a stable level and among the investigated dimensions, economic and social dimensions had the best and the worst stability respectively.

in the recent years, natural resource's degradation in the Lorestan province has been alarming. Therefore, assessment of students' knowledge to natural resources is essential as future users of natural resources.

To conduct the study a questionnaire was designed regarding to the professors and experts comments. Validity and reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient that the 0.75 represents acceptable reliability. Then, among 800 individuals of students, from 10 schools of Khorramabad city who were trained as oral, poster installation and educational films, 250 individuals were selected to fulfill questionnaire and to investigate their view before and after education.

The descriptive results of educational level, father's job, mothers and father's education, household income and the time of television watching on the attitudes of students towards natural resources were presented. Inferential results also showed the following

significant and positive correlation between the variables of knowledge, recognition, attitudes and environmental behavior with education, ii) significant and positive correlation between environmental behavior and environmental knowledge, iii) significant and positive linear relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior of students. Moreover data analysis demonstrated that chi-squared and binomial test confirmed the positive effect of training on increasing recognition and promotion of Natural Resources.
Discussion and

  Education as the most available and efficient tool can have an important and critical role in promoting attitude and recognition of students toward natural resources and preserving national capital.