مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 46 (زمستان 1398)

For better understanding of the predominant literary style of any period, it is necessary to study all distinguished works of the period and scrutinize the stylistic features of the works. Parallel to this approach and for achieving better understanding of the literary style in ninth century, this study focused on Selse at- al Zahab (Golden Chain) of Jami. Selseleh al-Zahab is first orang of seven orangs of Abd al-Rahman Jami, the stylist poet in ninth of century Hijra and studying the features of his style not only will head to better understanding of the literary style of contemporary period of the time, but also will yield perfect knowledge of his personal style. For this purpose and for reaching to better understanding of Jami's personal style, the study deals with lingual processes of the poet in five different level, that is, musical, lexical, rhetorical, and mental levels. The study extracts the most frequent styles of linguistic prominence in the stories of this Mathnavi (couplet poems) and by so doing, explains Jami's personal style which is Khorasani style inclined to Iraqi style.

"Color" is one of the main natural elements that man has an unconscious connection with. Because in all non-verbal communication, color is one of the fastest means of transmitting messages and meanings, artists base their relationship with the audience on this element; therefore, one of the best ways to analyze and recognize a literary work is the use of color. This research is a descriptive-analytical method to study this element in contemporary poetry. According to the results of this study, the colors of black, green, red, blue, white and yellow are the most commonly used colors in the poems of all four poets, which are generally used with the characteristics of psychoanalytic science. Black is the most used and popular color in the social - political poetry, and the black narrative of the society with the prevailing potential of frustration and grief. Green, most used and popular color in Sohrab's mystical poetry is linked with light and holiness; and the most used color in Mushref's social poetry is related to the potential of hope. In Forough's Romantic poetry, although black is the most used color, but red is an exciting and most popular color, and is generally associated with her feminine emotions and aspirations .all colors are consciously or unconsciously had been used to the poetic or Intellectual style of the poets.

Tale is The most extensive form of art, therefore it reflects the most diverse of thoughts. In this research, according to special feature of folk tales which is more content-oriented not langueoriented, we have analyzed the ideology lies in the tales and we just speak about five highlight ideologies in legends because of limited volume. We are going to show how these thoughts are presented by creators of legends and how much readers and audients are impressed by the ideology dominant on myths and tales. As a result, we should mention that we find five dominant ideologemes that are as following: The ideologeme of travel which is the express dissatisfaction to exist status and exploring for the utopia; The ideologeme of getting marriage which is natural and instinctual but with the one dimension attitude to life; The ideologeme of eliminate rival at any cost which is endeavor for maintaining power relationships; The ideologeme of oppression acceptance which is illogical emphasis on some moral teachings; The ideologeme of chance and fortune which is just for increasing of tolerance in front of injustices.

In this paper, Historical Perspective and historiography of Fayz Muhammad Katib (1862-1929) and his position in the literature history of Afghanistan has been investigated. Serajel Tawarikh is a comprehensive history of Afghanistan that covers events from the time of Ahmad Shah Abdali down through the reign of Habib Ullah Khan (1862) and first year of empire of Amir Amanulla Ghazi. Initially the biography of his life will be introduced and then historical value and Historical Perspective and historiography of Fayz Muhammad Katib and importance of Serajel Tawarikh and its most important feature which is the author's commitment to honesty, integrity and reliability of information will be discussed. Fayz Muhammad Katib is known as ‘the father of the Afghanistan history’ and ‘Bayahghi Sanayi’ and Serajel Tawarikh is a comprehensive history of Afghanistan, is called ‘Omm ol Tawarikh’. The three volume of Serajel Tawarikh were printed but the forth volume and some part of third volume weren’t available until (1390), so any assays and researches are based on the third volume, therefore it is necessary to an essay about Historical Perspective and historiography of Fayz Muhammad Katib based on fore volume, because the most his thoughts of Historical Perspective and historiography of Fayz Muhammad Katib is in the fourth volume

During the Qajar era, religious poetry began to boom for social and political reasons. One of the religious poetry types in this era was in which the story of Prophet's life and the Shiite Imams were versified. The meaning of narrative here is that Mathnavi narrate a story. These Mathnavis are divided into six categories in terms of their content, although sometimes the division can't be completely accurate due to the nature of the mathnavi, and there are overlaps, and some works are in such a way that they can be classified in more than one category. These six categories include Payambarnames, Heydarinames, Husseininames, Mokhtarnames, Imamnames and Moludnames. Most of the content is dedicated to the story of Karbala, and then it is overcome with the Heydarinames. The purpose of this article is to introduce the level of thought and the structure and content of these mathnavis.

In the current study the book of “Tadíb-alatfál” is the case of analyzing and evaluation. The study method is case study and the authors tried to clarify and explain style special properties of this book by considering text and illustration together. The great book of “Tadíb-alatfál” (written or translated by Meftah-ol-Molk) which was written and published before the constitutional revolution is one of the prototypes of Persian children’s literature. This book was not surveyed in any academic research until present. Stylistics is a knowledge of studying of distinct aspects of a literary work regarding the lingual and literary sides of the work. Illustrated children’s books are one category of children’s literature for which a thorough theory and methodology of stylistic analysis is not available in the Persian language. This study Hypothesis is that “Tadíbalatfál” is the first illustrated book in Persian children’s literature.

Gothic is a style in story writing in which there is supra imagination, exciting factors, exaggerated events and ambiguous parts of human mind which are beyond human intellect and ration. This style was common during 18th and 19th centuries and now days are used by various novelists and story writers in various forms. This style was entered to novel writing in Iran and (blind owl) is the first novel which was written in this style. Some other Iranian novels which are affected by this style are including: Ehtijab prince, kingdom, gouge and guard. Distress and loneliness of characters, tingling, battle of characters with inner and outdoor worlds, monsters and ghosts, death, madness, imaginations, strange, stressful and irrational events, fear and so on are some characters of gothic. The man question is that what are most important gothic style factors in novels Ehtijab prince, gouge and guard

Imagination is the most basic element of the poetry maker that represents the actions, thoughts, ideas and expressions of thought and experience through language. Due to their talents in inventing exquisite illustrations and themes, factors such as elements of nature, everyday elements, and The imagery is used. Hindi style is well-known in Persian poetry and poetry for the creation of new themes. Although the search for fresh content in Persian poetry is not unprecedented, but Indian style poetry in the elements and materials used by predecessors with a careful, Discover new relationships and create new themes and themes. In the contemporary era, some Islamic revolutionary poets also imitated Islamic poets. In this research, the attempt has been made to use the imaginary forms (recognition, sensory and paradoxical) as one of the main features of Hindi style in the poems of the poets of the Islamic Revolution (Qaisar Aminpour, Salman Herati, Seyed Hassan Hosseini and Ahmad Azizi) with Hindi style lyrics (Bidel Dehlavi)

Book of HajiBaba Tale by James Morier was translated by Mirza Habib Isfahani. The critical aspect and tune of the satire of the book, as well as the fluent and beautiful prose of its translation, have influenced and reputation the book. Mirza Habib, with his talent of writing and using the precious heritage of Persian literature in his translation of the book, revealed his art and the power of Persian language. This translation is among the finest Persian translations. In this paper, Mirza Habib's translation prose has been reviewed by describing and analyzing the content and using library resources. In this book, can be seen the special features of prose important Persian language, such as the use of poetry in prose, the use of allusions and common words in the language of the people, the use of Arabic language and literature, pleasure and stability, etc. which prose is similar to the prose of Persian classical texts.

With the study of elementary school children, it was discovered that Parvin's debates were at the forefront of understanding the works; therefore, his personal style analysis was necessary with the help of the coherence of the text and the types of excerpts, in order to determine which component of the observation had led to this. In this way, two types of debates were examined by descriptive-analytical method of each single verse. The result of the research suggests that among the factors of coherence, repetition and integration, the leading referencing and nominal elimination and incremental accountability are the highest frequency. Also, by examining the transcendental processes, it became clear that the further use of material process, questionable sentences, and the subsequent dimming of news sentences made them understandable children's poems

The versified story is one of the types of children’s narrative poetry which has the characteristics of poem and story simultaneously. Due to having the attractions of both poetry and story at the same time, it can be the most engaging literary type for children. Naser Keshavarz is a prominent poet in the field of children’s poetry; he has achieved a special place among the poets of this literary type by creating over 40 versifies stories during the last three decades. Doing a stylistic analysis on this poet's versified stories at the three levels of language, story and poetry, the present study makes attempts to answer this main question: what characteristics the versified stories of Nasser Keshavarz have in terms of language, story and poetry? To this end, 43 versified stories versified between 1992 and 2016 were analyzed. It was found that Keshavarz tended to use the written language in his primary versified stories, but in his later works, he turned to use spoken language, and slang and childish words and expressions. At the level of poetry, Keshavarz moved from the tendency to use heavy and slow meters towards faster meters and more cheerful music. Concerning the success or failure of Keshavarz’s versified stories, the linguistic and poetic elements were often involved, but the story elements had fewer effects in this regard.

Review and introducing the characters and real and symbolic signposts in Mantiqolteyr of Attar is a paper which helps us to recognize them. This recognition will be more available by classification of signposts based on the subjects. The classes contain historical names, geographical names, real signposts and symbolic signposts where causes new viewpoints in mystical idioms and secrets and their appearance and inside. The review of symbolis aspects of some characters and signposts of Attar, will reveals the paronomasia which is requisite of this mystical work and deepens the meaning of Mantiqolteyr. This paper attempts to study the special way of Attar in the use of some characters in symbolic formats and try to analyze and find the importance and connection between the signposts and Attar's interests and intellectual ideas. The comprehensive study of Mantiqolteyr's signposts is the best way of recognition of Attar's character, the scope of his science and thoughts, Also, his dominance in secret language and allegorical aspect which used in signposts.

This article aims to investigate the mental layers of Attar Neishaboori in expressing the whole person to show how he owned a unique and personal style. Accordingly, four elements are introduced as the characteristics of a personal style which cannot be observed in other texts such as those in Attar's works. These four stylistic characteristics include the Secretive Similes , the Hoopoe's Secret as the Old Way and the Journey of No Return, and ,finally, the Comparison of Places and Attar's Seven Cities of Love ,as the places of a perfect man, with Masnavi Manavi of Molavi. Undoubtedly, Attar Neishaboori is one of those who created valuable masterpieces in the Persian literature by using a specific language stemming from his genuine thought, and this respect, he is considered one of the main fundaments and founders of the Persian literature. This personal style is the outcome of a specific selection of vocabulary, jargons, phrases, and ways of expression that are different from linguistic arbitrariness and literary traditions. In fact, this selection stems from a new perspective and attitude toward the being and life. Attar is an author who defined the perfect man differently and thoroughly and expressed the perfect man's characteristics by the new selection of language literary terms which reflect his prominent thought , and based on this thought, he founded a personal style

Some parts of our written literature comprise: Qalandaran texts and “Fotovvat Name”. These texts have been written since 3rd century solar year until present time. Different components are involved in intellectual levels of the writers of these books like using national, religious and historical characters. It’s obvious that the usages of these characters had happened in different fields and with different intentions. In this article we will study 4 texts named: “Fotovvat Name Soltani”, “Ayiine Qalandary”, “Fotovvat Name ha va Rasayel khaksariye”, “Fotovvat va asnaf” and precise classifications of names used in the mentioned books we try to express how much, how and why we use these names. This classification includes: A. Religious characters like prophets, their followers and Imams. B. Before Islam characters. C. National and Iranian characters like Jamshid and Shapor or historical characters like Alexander

The present study introduces the stylistic features of the second volume- out of a five-volume set- ‘Tajziyat al-amṣār wa-tazjiyat al-a'ṣār’ textual criticism, also called ‘Tārīkḣ-i Waṣṣāf’. This book is one of the old books belonging to 7th and 8th AH in which analytical historiography method is used. The prose of this book is an example of florid style of Ilkhanate period and is of the oldest sources of this era. The book is written by Shihab al-Din Waṣṣāf al-Ḥaḍrat; its prose is florid, rhymed and full of phrasing, synonyms with excessive use of Arabic poems and stories as well as Quran’s verses. This book is conceived as a continuation of Juwayni's Tārīkḣ-i Jahāngushāy. Tārīkḣ-i Waṣṣāf is consisted of an introduction and five volumes, narrating the events of Ilkhanate dynasty, from the death of Mongke Khan to middle of Abusaid Bahador Khan kingdom (716-736), i.e. year of 723AH.

Mowlavi's mystical masterpiece of Mathnavi is one of the few works that, in the same period of time, has kept its freshness and freshness in many respects. One of the aspects of the novelty of this work is the use of allegory in the expression of mystical concepts. In addition, among the ancient works, the most striking literary work in which allegory is very much seen is Rumi's Masnavi. Rumi has turned to allegory to bring mystical content closer to the mind, understanding and perception of the audience, and also to explain his purpose to the allegory, and as much as a more vague and complex issue, he adds to the number of allegories. Although Rumi is influenced by the style of Quranic stories in allegorical anecdotes, he has a personal style in allegory. In this descriptive-analytic research, the narrations and allegories related to the topic of "neglected and discursive neglect" and the way of making symbols in these allegories are examined. The results of the research show that Mowlana used only one analogy to convey the neglect of Mamdouh But he has used allegories of wandering to explain the neglected neglect. The symbols and codes of neglect in the sleepy Mathnavi (for neglected and neglected), harp, night, cotton, curtains and eggs. Maulana knows the cause of human neglect as the soul, the will, the world and its blessings, God's rudeness and blessings.

One of the interdisciplinary discussions and writing scientific articles about them, is reflection of the science of psychology in the literary works and matching it with the modern theories of psychology .In this thesis, psychological traumas has been investigated with regard to the Gulistan and Bustan – Saadi and had been matched with the modern science of psychology. Our purpose was related to Investigating some of the psychological problems that has been current in the society or now is current in it, with regard to the literary texts, had been our purpose of this thesis. For this reason, these two works had been studied and phrases like jealousy, oppression, self-conceit, pride and arrogance and so on that has been stated in these books, and has been blamed as “psychological traumas” has been considered and investigated. Saadi tries to propose strategies from the form of narration for improving relations and humanly behaviors. This investigation explains that Saadi had been knowledgeable about these skills and proposed them with affective imagery to the addressees that today, is matched with the presented theories and skills of the contemporary psychologists. Authors of this thesis, aims to compare Saadi’s opinions in the anecdotes of the Gulistan and Bustan with the new psychological opinions and. after that find out that, these states are so much adaptable with the psychological aspects of humans and their behaviors.

The Story of Samak Ayyar by Faramarz ebn Khodadad Kateb Arrajani is a work of proverbs; Many of the proverbs mentioned in this book are about subjects such as fate and fortune,the life clerics and courtiers , self- preservation,friendship and loyalty,secrecy,patience and effort.The author's purpose in writing this article is to express the importance of proverbs that express the culture,beliefs, worldview and insights of the author's age. This article assumes that most of the proverbs in the story of Samak Ayyar revolve around social, philosophical and cultural issues.

Unearthing unknown artifacts and discovering the cultural treasures of the past and conducting an in-depth study of these artifacts is one of the main tasks of researchers in this area. One of the works of Naderi's Shahnameh is an epic-historical poem written by Mohammad Ali Tusi on the subject of Nader Shah's life and conquests in the early twelfth century AH in 5313 bits. In this paper, which is written in a descriptive-analytical way, we have studied the stylistics of this work. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate and determine the stylistic features of the Naderi Shahnameh. The research results show that Rare Shahnameh is one of the works of the return period whose content expresses the historical events and events of Nader Shah period and has Khorasani style features such as: old vocabulary, use of verbs in ancient form, use of singular and intuitive syllables, etc. Is.

The popular world cinema has represented the narrative literature especially novels. Based on the existing documents, nearly 85% of the Oscar winning or out standing movies are based on famous novels. the attention of cinema to narrative literature has benefits both for cinema itself and narrative literature. Compared to the cinema in the other countries and its attention to narrative literature, in the history of cinema in our country, Iran, it has rarely happened in Iran.. The current reaserchers asume that one of the reasons that Iranian cinema has not paid attention to narrative literature and Iranian novels is lack of ample reaserch on the why, how, the process, the outcomes of cinema adaptation from narrative literature. ". For this purpose, it has been tride to compare different elements cinema with narrative literature. As a result of this the different factors for attractiveness of an adapted work in Iran can be identified and introduced to the interested readers and researchers. One of the important findings of the current research are extraction and introduction of pictorial and literary alternatives and benefiting from narrative elements in both mediums.