نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 31 (پاییز 1398)

Urban design plays an important role in creating the security or insecurity of urban living space. Cities that have not been found to have the correct design principles may have crime rates over other cities. In addition, environmental factors can increase the chance of committing a crime for criminals. In this study, the physical and environmental factors influencing crime commitment in the 5th district of Tehran were studied. Thus, by identifying and analyzing the environmental factors affecting the security of the region 5 of Tehran through field surveys (based on the CPTED approach), solutions were introduced that would have a significant effect on the security and control of the area. The CPTED approach is a design approach based on which the design of the appropriate and targeted design of the human environment is made, designers can reduce the opportunity for crime and crime and improve the quality of life. For this purpose, the Garden of Fayez neighborhood located in this area was selected as sample and spatial analysis was carried out on it. Old and traditional texture, inappropriate scale and building height, poor visual quality (improper use of color, light and design), are some of the most important physical and environmental factors in Tehran's 5th District, which can be criminal behavior Increase in this area. Analysis of the research showed that in addition to the various difficulties and bottlenecks in the city, the study area is due to some special social, economic and cultural conditions suitable for anti-social activities.

Urban resonance is a way to strengthen communities by using their capacities, and different definitions, approaches, indicators, and measurement patterns have been developed. Accordingly, due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the consequent damage to it, it is necessary to deal systematically with this phenomenon. The main objective of this research is to measure and analyze the spatial components of city resilience in the city of Izeh in terms of physical. In this regard, the present study, after identifying the principles of resilience in the city, has investigated the spatial analysis and spatial analysis of resiliency components of Izeh city using FAHP in GIS. To achieve this, in accordance with the purpose of the research, the information layer of the materials (including: brick and wood-block cement-clay and wood-all brick or stone and brick-all wood-brick, iron-clay and mud) Includes: metal and concrete) and type of building (including: apartment-non-apartment and tent, cupboard, slab, slum, etc.). The present research is applied-developmental and descriptive-analytic approach. The results indicate that most of the area is in very low resilience that does not meet the criteria for urban planning

Tourism development in the present century has led to the development of new technologies and the increasing needs of tourists to create different ways in different sectors of tourism trade to meet the basic needs of tourists, especially information reception. New patterns on the development and information circuits are based on providing information and utilizing spatial-spatial diversity. Tourist guide stations provide tourists with useful information, promotion, interaction, transaction and intelligent relationships with users. In this study, the spatial-spatial distribution of the stations has been identified with an emphasis on access criteria and has been investigated and tested for its optimization. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data were collected through field studies and questionnaire tool. Using AHP technique and using the GIS environment, the analysis showed that the northeast and parts of the city center of Isfahan have a very suitable situation for the construction of tourist guide stations, which are mostly located around the Quds Fields, Martyrs, Laleh , Ahmadabad and Qaemieh. The center and east of Isfahan city, around the Azadi Square, Suhrawardi Square, Khajoo Square, are in good condition. The north and northwest of Isfahan city, around Esteghlal Square and south and southwest of Isfahan city, have a very inadequate situation for construction. Tourist guide stations.

Among the sectors that have enjoyed significant growth in the world economy in recent years and are projected to become the most profitable and influential economic sector in the next two decades, the tourism industry is. The use of this sector to achieve sustainable development in each region requires an operational and operational plan based on recognizing the impacted tourism potential on the one hand and the characteristics of the tourists benefiting from these facilities on the other. Today, tourism is more than just an industry as a vibrant global and social phenomenon with its own complexity. Present research aimed to Impact of Quality of Police Services on Destination Image and Tourism Intention to Visit Again in Tabriz City has been done in the summer of 2016. This research, in terms of purpose is functional and based on data collection, is descriptive survey. Also, It has been used structural equation modeling through the Smart Pls software to analyze data. The data required for this research has gathered by questionnaire with Simple random sampling method through domestic tourism in the city of Tabriz. The provided results indicate that the Quality of Police Services variable on destination image and Tourism Intention to Visit Again has a direct and expressive impact, and also impact of destination image on Tourism Intention to Visit is direct and expressive. Quality of Police Services variable through the intermediate role of destination image on Tourism Intention to Visit Again has a indirect and expressive impact.

Variability is one of inherent properties of the climate system. In addition to the dynamic nature, the climate system is extremely intertwined nature also, so that its components interact with each other and eventually they change each other.. In general, the climate of a region or geographic location is controlled by various factors, including Atmospheric Action Centers (AAC's). AAC's behaviors have an effective role in short and long term changes in weather and climate conditions and also their components. AAC's can change the climate system. A climatic index is defined here as a critical value that can be used to describe the states and the changes in the climate system. Changes on climate are much slower than on the weather, that can change strongly day by day. Each climatic index is based on certain parameters and describes only certain aspects of the climate, so there are a variety of climate indices that have been defined and examined in numerous publications. For each climate index there is a defining equation that uses the so-called climate elements. These are measurable parameters that influence the properties of the climate system, primarily, for example, atmospheric parameters such as air pressure, air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation, but also non-atmospheric parameters such as sea surface temperature or ice cover.

Urban tourism is one of the tools and strategies for sustainable development of cities.In this context, foreign tourists and markets and tourist attractions are important in developing city tourism. Accordingly, urban planners have always sought to plan and to prioritize urban capital, to identify tourism demand and to recognize models for developing foreign tourism in cities.The necessity of favorable development of foreign tourism in Tabriz,recognizing effective factors, demand for foreign tourism of the city,providing strategies for foreign tourism development and finally providing an optimal model for urban tourism development. Therefore, the main purpose of the proposed model is to present a favorable model for development of foreign tourism in Tabriz. For this purpose, firstly,through the method of analyzing the content of quality inductive and with data from people, domestic and foreign tourists, experts and field observations, the categories and main factors affecting foreign tourism in Tabriz were identified and then,by completing a questionnaire of221Foreign visitors tourists’ demand has examined. The results show that tourism demand in Tabriz has high elasticity and the tourism potential and high security and new plans along with its competitors, urban challenges and weakness of protection and ethnic and racial issues play a role in formation of Tabriz foreign tourism system. Finally, the desirable model of tourism development in the city is designed and presented based on multifunctional tourists, multi-purpose agencies, development of tourism, tourism experiences, tourism competitors, integrated tourism management, product- tourism market alignment, innovation and entrepreneurship, and ethnic and cultural links of the project

Today, buses are the most important means of public transportation in most citiesof our country, as well as in most developing countries. There is little investmentneeded to launch a bus; and it does not depend on a specific route compared to other mass transit systems. It can be developed and changed. It also has a lower level of urban space compared to other vehicles; it is a priority in terms of cost savings and urban bus traffic reduction for many vehicles. In this study, in order to evaluate the satisfaction of Maragheh citizens from the interurban bus system, 200 people were selected as sample in each region of the city. Data were analyzed by SPSS and Minitab software and data output through the test T single-sample and ANOVA tests, and these results were achieved; most users of urban buses are women, educated people, and people with an income of less than one million. In the first hypothesis, the data output was calculated through a single-sample Ttest, it was found that there are some satisfactions in such cases as: bus timing, time saving, security for women, reduced traffic, reduced pollution, etc. However, there is not enough satisfaction in such cases as: drivers' behavior, ticket costs, and the number of stations. In the second hypothesis, using ANOVA, it was found that there is a difference between the different regions of the city in terms of satisfaction with the intercity bus system.

All urban land is directly or indirectly dependent on parking. Hence, these levels are very important in urban planning. Parking is one of three main elements in urban transportation. In this study, it is tried to take place more locate spatial dimensions. The main objective of this study was to determine the right places to create multistory parking by using weighted overlay in GIS environment in the city of Maragheh. To achieve this objective, characteristics such as density, type of applications, the price of land, access and traffic flow were used. The criteria for locating multistory parking were standard of travel production centers following the criteria of educational zone, sports zone, commercial and service area, industrial zones, recreational areas - cultural, health zone, population density and building density with the sub-criteria as; access to the following criteria main artery and the main street and finally land use compatibility with the sub-criteria such as education, commercial, office and so on.