نشریه عیار پژوهش در علوم انسانی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهارو تابستان 1396)

The problems of sciences, obviously, are dealt with in a particular method. The method of research in each science is discussed in the methodological discussions of that science. This science is classified as secondary knowledge in the philosophy of science. A methodological study of science reveals the strengths and weaknesses of that science and provides the conditions for its growth and development. Jurisprudence is also not an exception to this rule, and the critical approach to its methodology can develop its scope. The method of jurisprudential research is called ijtihadi method. The application of the ijtihadi method, although having a history of one thousand and two hundred years, has not been evaluated as a secondary knowledge. Using an analyticaldescriptive method, this paper seeks to analyze the method of the deduction of the legal decree as a secondary knowledge in three dimension, basic knowledge of deduction, sources of deduction, and the stages of deduction.

Research in any science is based on a certain method. The validity of the findings of a science is depended entirely on the methods of studying the theories and propositions of that science. Methodological discussions must therefore be considered as one of the essential pillars of the philosophy of science. In the case of religious and Islamic science, the question arises as to what methods or methods can be used for formulating this science? Using a rational-descriptive method, this paper seeks to show that, the methodology of the religious and Islamic science is based on our definition of "religious and Islamic science". There are different possibilities for defining the meaning of religious and Islamic science in which their methodological requirements are also quite different.

The modernization project in the West has led to the emergence of two concepts of the modern and non-modern world; the worlds that had nothing to do with each other, and were completely opposite to each other. These contradictions emerged on two levels of external and internal exposures. The fruit of these two worlds has also led to the emergence of a new and old human being, coupled with dichotomies such as science-ignorance, variable-constant and the like. The emergence of these dichotomies, one of which leads man to plurality and the other to unity, created a crisis in the realm of human life in the form of modernism and traditionalism. The controversy of traditionalism and modernism also influenced non-Western countries such as Iran, and left significant impacts on their political thought and practices, among these influences is the emergence of new and old political concepts in contemporary Iran. The superficial understanding of Western concepts and their application in Iranian society has led to disasters such as the confrontation of hardware and software in the humanities and the crisis in the methodology of the social sciences. Many attempts have been made to overcome this crisis, which can be called the "Iran Humanities Crisis", but the results have not been significant. Therefore, the lack of a suitable localization pattern still emphasizes the necessity of designing a new model.

Action research is a type of field research that is done to improve the status of a work. In this research method, while maintaining the research principles of the research, the research project is involved with the educational activities in the real environment. Action research is done by the researcher to solve a problem. The base of action research is, teacher participation rate, learning problem solving, expressing ideas about curriculum, developing the educational works, criticizing the teaching-learning activities and reducing the identified problems in the education process. In this article, definitions, goals and the cycle of action research including planning, action, observation and reflection are discussed from different perspectives. The similarities and differentiations of action research in education and its role in the process of educational development and innovation are also examined.

Using a comparative-analytical method, this paper seeks to present a systematic framework for observation as a technique of data collection in qualitative and quantitative research. To this end, while expressing goals and definitions of scientific observation, steps of observation, types and techniques of observation, auxiliary tools, methods of collecting and recording observational data and the common limitations and errors in observation and the error control methods have been studied and compared from different perspectives. Fifteen Iranian research articles and fourteen foreign research articles - which, according to the researchers, collected the required data through observation - were analyzed and compared. The findings show that, Iranian researches, in this area, have more restrictions in the enjoyment of digital tools, and the collaboration of the members under study for observation, but foreign researches have been widely welcomed by participants, and, unlike Iranian articles, they have detailed the limitations of the observation process.

The hypothesis is a conjecture about the relationships between variables, which turns to be a theory in case of validity. The necessity, position, characteristics, and types of hypotheses are the subject of debates among scholars. The necessity of the hypothesis, its features and types are needed to be examined in the Islamic school of economics, which has a comprehensive program of economic prosperity. Using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the martyr Sadr's viewpoint this paper studies the role of theory in discovering the economic school of Islam. The findings show that, hypothesis has a fundamental status in jurisprudence that cannot be ignored. Hypothesis is also needed in the Islamic economic school. According to Martyr Sadr's viewpoint, in direct discovery, the hypothesis is obtained through five stages of integration, separation, preference, formulation, and composition of religious laws. In reverse discovery, the hypothesis is derived from Islamic concepts. These assumptions are stable, general, strategic, and passive propositions against the behavior of people, which is among the structures such as the theory of production and distribution, strategies like diversity of ownership and goals, such as social (economic) justice.