نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال پنجم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

Iran, as a developing country, most attention has focused on the industrial and service sectors, and ignored agriculture as one of the most populous part of the economic activity. This has created concerns that the traditional structure and rural livelihoods in many parts of the country that does not use this part of their all opportunities present. In this study using SWOT analytical method to identify strengths, weaknesses agriculture and the opportunities and threats in this sector, This study based agricultural properties introduced strategies based on the agriculture properties, the introduction of the sector's biggest problem is a lack of understanding of the economic structure of agricultural sector and emphasizing the need for to target policies discusses the importance of adopting the policies in the agricultural sector. The sustainability of resources in the country increased, the effectiveness of other inputs also increased to an acceptable level. Return to the fundamental role of agriculture in the economy that the industrial and service sectors in order to support the growth of the welfare of the community.

Title: Rapid Catalytic Cracking of Municipal Waste with Simultaneous Hydrogenation to Produce Liquid Fuel Abstract: Simplest methods of the municipal waste disposal are exploitation and abandoning this national wealth in the environment. In this study, a new method of cracking municipal waste and producing useful products with a suitable thermal value and also quality for consumption has been developed. For this purpose, a hydrogen gas flow has been injected into a predesigned rotational pyrolysis reactor. Reducing the process time and cost and also increasing the product quality are specifications of this innovation. Sample analyzing of the pilot study products determines the presence of a wide range of hydrocarbons with 5-14 carbons in their molecular structures. This approves the presence of the paraffinic, naphthenic, olefin (lower than the common refinery gasoline) and also aromatic compounds, which are the main compositions of gasoline. Keywords: Pyrolysis; Catalytic cracking; simultaneous hydrogenation; municipal waste; gasoline

Reduced rainfall and frequent droughts in recent years have created concerns about the exploitation of water resources, especially in the West Country. One of the main reasons for it is the structure of livelihood of farmers in this region This study review the process of water harvesting of resources in the recent period, and trying to determine the best strategy for harvesting in the area of water resources In this study different methods of harvesting water sources have been studied West Country. Which are the direct interference of the state, harvesting of resources by the private sector with government regulation, the absolute non-interference of the state and eventually combine government and private sector activities. By comparative performance of each operating methods, this study attempts with the introduction of a better way to harvest the resources to improve agricultural conditions. Results show Water harvesting has not efficiency in state sector and the private sector has no foresight. For this reason harvesting cannot withdraw from sources outside the government as absolute discretion and done, the results suggest the combined harvest yield of 55% harvested compared to other models. Choose the method that has been picked as the preferred method.

Carbon dioxide emissions are known to be one of the major contributors to environmental pollution and climate change, so many researchers have investigated this issue in their studies. In this empirical study, using theoretical discussions and information from OPEC members in the Gulf States, it is attempted to accurately estimate the marginal abatement cost of carbon dioxide emissions and improve the effectiveness of policies by identifying the effective factors. By correctly recognizing the regional differences in terms of supply and demand for environmental services, it can be concluded that to achieve the long-term goals of reducing global emissions, achieving a win-win state between environmental considerations and economic benefits and more effective presence of these countries in world markets, the more efficient the use of such regional plans will be. The results show that Iran has the highest shadow price of $ 3.025 million per ton of carbon dioxide and Kuwait has the lowest shadow price of $ 0.011 million per ton of carbon dioxide Also, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE have the same shadow price of $ 1.14 million per ton of carbon dioxide.

In this study, the new version of COHERENS model is evaluated with Appling the most accurate bathymetry data and forces with high temporal resolution and spatial resolution in the Persian Gulf. The results correspond well to observations and previous modeling studies. According to the results obtained in this research, a cyclonic gyre forms in the central Gulf from April to July. During August, the baroclinic instability creates the most activity mesoscale eddies along the salinity front. The remnants of eddies are seen until September, after which they dissipate as wind intensifies and stratification decreases due to winter cooling.The surface salinity results show that a fresh plume heads from the Arvandrood towards the Saudi coast in winter and towards the Iranian coast in summer. The saltiest hence densest water masses of the Persian Gulf are formed in winter in the northwest and in the southern banks, but the latter reaches the Strait of Hormuz from November to April only.

The purpose of the present research is to evaluate and select the optimal performance of urban contractors with emphasis on the rail and metro sector and to do this research for the first time, a decision support system was designed and implemented in this field. For this purpose, information was obtained on the current processes in line 2 of the Isfahan metro stations and how to select the contractors in the HSE including qualitative and technical evaluations and then examined the challenges in the decision-making phase. Then, the survey was completed (by interviewing experts) to complete the information. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique and TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method were used for data analysis. Finally, while evaluating the performance of the contractors and ranking them, a decision support system was provided as an executive solution for HSE managers, contractors and experts of the Isfahan Urban Train Organization.

Oil base fluids pose many hazards to the environment. The core of these fluids is gas oils, which are mixed with other chemicals to provide the proper rheology of a drilling fluid. During the drilling of an oil well, drilling waste may contaminate both the well and the surface, so that large volumes of hazardous chemicals enter the aquifers from the surface. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using hydrogels for the purpose of making an environmentally friendly aqueous base fluid and replacing it with an oil base fluid in one of the oil fields located in the south of the country, The drilling fluid must have all the requirements for remove cuttings, creating the proper hydrostatic pressure for the well, maintain well bore stability, preventing shale activation. First, the rheological parameters of the mud fluid were measured without the presence of hydrogels, and then we used different amounts of this hydrogel in the mud production and again, we measured the drilling mud parameters.

Greenhouse gas emissions are a major contributor to climate change. It is important to examine the economic aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and its environmental impacts, especially in the current context of increasing volumes of greenhouse gases..The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, economic openness and urbanization in Iran using seasonal data during the period 1991-2019. To investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between the research variables, ARDL and ECM methods were used. The results showed that all coefficients are significant at 95% confidence level, and the variables of energy consumption, degree of openness of economy, urbanization rate have a positive relationship with CO2 emission in the long run. And the variables of real GDP and financial development have a negative relationship with CO2 emissions in the long run. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to consider alternative energy policies such as developing energy conservation strategies, reducing energy intensity, increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of clean energy sources.

A modified version of the QUODDY-4 three-dimensional finite element model was used for investigation of spatial distribution of bottom roughness effects on tidal dynamics in the Persian Gulf. A Hydrodynamic approach called Kagan’s method was used to calculate the spatial distribution of bottom friction coefficient for rough, not completely rough and smooth bottoms. This method has reduced disadvantages of hydraulic and semi-empirical approaches and provides a hydrodynamic approach for calculation of bottom friction coefficient using controlling factors of Bottom Boundary Layer and upper than it. Carrying out several numerical simulations and implementation of spatial variation of bottom friction coefficient, it was determined the effect of spatial inhomogeneity of bottom roughness on tidal dynamics in the Persian Gulf. Results show that using spatial variation of computed fiction coefficient instead of constant value to reproduce the tidal dynamics produces considerable changes in determination of tidal amplitudes and the maximum barotropic velocity of M2, S2, K1 and O1 components, while these changes for the tidal phases of mentioned components can be neglected.

Environmental degradation is undesired result of human actions and economic activities in the world today. It is one of the most important global issues that human societies, whether developed or developing countries are confronted with it. Therefore, countries need to focus on urban development in order to achieve continuous growth with environmental protection. In this study, the impact of urbanization on environmental pollution was investigated for 19 countries from 19 developed and developing countries including Iran, in 2006-2015.The data were extracted from the World Bank. For this purpose, by using the panel data method in Eviews software version 10, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions as an environmental degradation index with urban growth, GDP per capita and energy consumption were tested. The results of the research indicate that, the sign of the coefficients is in accordance with the expected theoretical bases and are statistically significant. As a result, it is suggested that environmental projects should be taken into consideration by policymakers in order to reduce environmental waste in the urbanization process, and adopt policies to respond to urban demand, which in turn It will cause energy to be consumed correctly

This study aimed to select a suitable location for the landfill site of hazardous waste in Qazvin province. The study area maps were first updated using satellite imagery. Effective criteria for landfill selection were formulated using the Delphi questionnaire and prioritized by ANP using library studies and standards of relevant and global organizations as well as assessing area conditions and effective factors. The digital information layers were introduced into GIS and weighting and modifications to the information layers and considering the minimum area were determined, suitable locations for landfilling of special waste. The obtained sites were screened, inappropriate references were screened and 9 sites were selected as the best site using criteria and constraints obtained and adapted to the ground reality and environmental conditions. Based on the results of the layers overlap, none of the selected points had a value of one and the selected locations had a maximum score of 4.78. Finally, using TOPSIS software, prioritization was made between the selected options and the third site was identified as the best location for the landfill site.

Dust street is the most important reservoir and absorbent of heavy metals and other pollutants in the city. These dust street are transmitted to aquatic ecosystems and food chains via runoff. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the pollution and ecological risk of arsenic and heavy metals in dust street in Tehran. Sampling from 15 selected stations in the city was carried out in summer and analyzed by ICP-MS after preparation of samples. The pollution level of elements in the street dust was assessed using geoaccumulation index, pollution index, integrated pollution index, enrichment factor and ecological risk index. In dust street, pollution of Cu and Pb is high and Zn has a moderate to severe pollution indicating the origin of these elements. Pollution indices indicate a high level of pollution of Cu, Zn and Pb. Cr had high enrichment, and Cu, Zn and Pb highly enriched. The highest ecological risk associated with Pb and Cu and the lowest ecological risk associated with As and Cr, respectively. Among the studied elements, the highest level of indices was for Pb, so the need for further monitoring and control of this element is essential.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the enclosure on the quality of gonbad rangelands using density, diversity and species richness indices.. vegetation sampling was done based on systematic random sampling. Five transects of 1000 meters were considered separately for vegetation characteristics in each region. The species density was calculated by counting the number of bases in the plot, the species diversity was calculated by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and species richness counting the number of species in each plot. After analyzing, it was determined that the enclosure has a significant effect on species density, species diversity and species richness. Generally, palatability plants and diversity and richness of the species were significantly increased in the protected area. Species diversity in the grazed area increased from 1/798 in the protected area to 2/236. There was a significant decrease in the amount of species richness in the affected area, and from 11.626 species per square meter in the protected area, it reached 9.253 species per square meter. The results indicate that the specimen area has been enclosed with enclosure, vegetation characteristics in the path of sequencing and achieving ideal conditions, but it still needs attention and continued

Antarctica is one of the areas that, despite the territorial claims of some governments, is recognized as a common heritage of humanity. An area that must be governed by specific laws with the public participation of governments. These rules and regulations appeared in the Antarctic Treaty System in 1959. The purpose of this article is to examine the events and how to exploit natural resources and exercise sovereignty over the Antarctic region in accordance with the Antarctic Treaty and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of this legal system in the context of international law. The results show that given the particular characteristics of Antarctica and its unstable state of sovereignty, the only authority competent to determine precisely the Antarctic legal system and its environmental protection is to base its work on the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. Although the UN General Assembly has been emphasizing the Antarctic dilemma for many years but it has never provided an objective and substantive solution to the problem and has not been implemented for any reason.

Non-wood products as an important source of supplementary income for households and as a food source for them play an important role in people's livelihood and well-being. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to estimate the harvest, consumption and share of these products in total household income as well as the type of non-wood products harvested in Fandoglu forest reserve of Ardebil. 102 households from 417 households in three villages were studied by random sampling. Harvest, consumption, income from various non-wood products, income from other sources, and share of income of NWFPs in total household income were estimated. The main harvested products from these forests were hazelnut, medlar, plum, rose, echium, pennyroyal, chamomile, wild mushroom, and ziziphora. Average share of these products in the total household income was 7.11%. The average economic rent per hectare per year and the land expected value NWFPs were 49.47 thousand Rials and 494.8 thousand Rials, respectively.

In this study, using content analysis, we attempted to analyze the environmental threats and opportunities of modern biotechnology . Inductive content analysis was used in this study. That is, concepts related to the environmental threats and opportunities of modern biotechnology were extracted in an emerging way, without regard to default or even existing themes in prior literature. Semi-structured interviews with 37 agricultural experts using snowball sampling were used to collect data. Environmental Opportunities for Modern Biotechnology From the perspective of agricultural experts, the following topics were: "Reducing environmental pollution and no environmental hazards", "Confirming the environmental safety of modern biotech products with reliable scientific resources and expert opinion" and "Improving Environment with Modern Biotechnology". Concerning the environmental threats of modern biotechnology from the perspective of agricultural experts, the topics included: "the risks of horizontal gene transfer and the lack of evidence that assumptions about new biotechnology are correct", "the probabilities and precautions in Modern Biotechnology »and" Concerns, Risks, and Ethical Issues of Modern Biotechnology". Agricultural experts' views on the effects of modern biotechnology products were on two themes: "environmental protection" and "environmental degradation".

In recent decades, environmental pollution, especially the air pollution index, has become one of the most important issues in developing countries؛ While environmental pollution results from the interaction of various factors, the industry sector is one of the most important contributors to pollutants. Due to the inherent complexity of pollutant emission factors, they cannot be analyzed by conventional mathematical modeling tools. In this study, using a soft operations research approach (Strategic Option Development and Analysis), a model including a subsystem of factors influencing the amount of pollutants from the ceramic tile industry was presented, in order to analyze the problem and identify the strategic factors. The purpose of this research is applied and developmental research and the method of implementation is descriptive survey. This research begins by delineating the cognitive map of the expert and leads to the integration of maps and variables analysis. The results show that the most important factor in preventing air pollution in the industry is the air purifier filter which directly affects the emission and intensity of pollutants; The second most important factor is the relevant laws, However, this factor indirectly affects other factors.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the recreational value of Valiasr Gardens in the district of Shiraz using the Subject well-being (SWB) or life satisfaction (LSA) method. Required information, including socioeconomic characteristics of the household, was obtained through interviewing garden visitors and completing 180 questionnaires in 1396. The results show that individuals' mental well-being improves with increasing income, education, and occupation, and under constant conditions, one percent increase in income, education, and occupation improves Subject well-being by 1%, 0.23, and 0.06 respectively. Park space satisfaction is directly related to subjective well-being, with 38% of visitors being satisfied with the park and practically not satisfied with the status of the park. This can indicate a lack of satisfactory space in the park. Also, the average willingness to pay users to maintain the park was estimated at 35,000 tomans, which is roughly equivalent to the willingness to receive them if such a place was not available, indicating that the amusement value of the park was very low for everyone, in other words. Gardens do not have a tangible difference for the welfare of local people.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior of municipal employees. In this descriptive-correlational study, 276 employees (208 males and 68 females) were selected from Yazd city municipality staff using probability sampling method and completed researcher-made questionnaires of attitude, awareness and environmental behavior. Data analysis using one-sample t-test, multiple regression, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance revealed that employees' environmental awareness was lower than average but their attitude and environmental behavior were higher than average. Regression analysis showed that both attitude and environmental awareness were positive and significant predictors of environmental behavior. In addition, the level of education of employees was related to their environmental attitudes but was not related to environmental awareness or behavior. The more educated employees had a more positive environmental attitude. Employees' job experience was also correlated with their environmental behavior and employees with 10-20 years of job experience had higher environmental behavior.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance of HSE management system in five districts of Najaf Abad municipality and its related contractors in 2015 in five districts of Najaf Abad municipality. Each of the five districts of Najaf Abad was evaluated and compared from the perspective of evaluating and comparing the performance of the HSE management system using OGP Guide (Report No. 423/2010). The scores of each HSE management system area of the evaluated areas were also compared with the scores of each indicator in the OGP pattern. The results showed that the performance of HSE management system in Najaf Abad Municipality had 40% compliance with Risk Management and Planning and had 20% poorest performance in HSE Management. Also Region 2 with 35.97% compliance rate and Region 4 with 26.34% compliance had the weakest performance And the top contractor with a rating of 360 has the best and the weakest contractor with a rating of 184. Overall, Najaf Abad Municipality's performance in terms of deploying the HSE management system with 31.59% compliance is considered limited and unmanaged.

Environmental degradation and income inequality are both global challenges that have much in common but are often dealt with separately. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental degradation (drop in groundwater level) on income inequality in Jiroft during the period of 1992-2019. To investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between the research variables, the ARDL model and the error correction method (ECM) were used. The results showed that as a result of population increase by one percent, income inequality index (Gini coefficient) decreased in Jiroft by 0.26 percent. As a result of environmental degradation (groundwater loss) by one percent, income inequality index (Gini coefficient) in Jiroft decreases by 0.36 percent. and as a result of agricultural production increase by one percent, income inequality index (Gini coefficient) in Jiroft increases by 0.96 percent. based on the results, government officials are proposing to create income and employment opportunities for people in the agricultural, mining and industrial sectors and services to reduce pressure on natural resources.

Salt phytoremediation, which means reducing salinity of soil or water using halophytic plants, has been the subject of several studies in recent years. Despite numerous investigations in this area, the problem with the use of halophytic plants for salt phytoremediation is the selection of suitable plants from their large population or, in other words, screening of halophytic plants for salt phytoremediation. In this paper, by limiting the screening work to 12 annual plant species of the Chenopodiaceae family, the Shannon Entropy -TOPSIS Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method has been used for this purpose. Evaluation was done on the basis of criteria such as biomass production, salinity mechanism, flowering time, geographical distribution in Iran and agronomic capability. The Shannon entropy method was used to rank and weight the criteria and the TOPSIS method was used to determine the relative preference of the studied species. The results indicated that Atriplex Tatarica, Bassia Moricata and Salsola Kali were the top three among the 12 plant species studied. Therefore, their use in experimental phytoremediation of salt plants seems to be a priority.

In Zahedan city is 300 - 350 tons of wastes with a population 460,681 is generating each day. This study examines the recycled household waste economic analysis of districts 1, 2 ,3 , 4 and 5, The cost- interest analysis method has been paid in the year 2019. The results show that waste can be recycled through the solid waste management cost savings made. Calculate the value of spending and revenue using the net present economic indicators during 2019 to 2024 indicates that this value is positive. Finally, the household waste is justified in Zahedan city economically. Net income has been calculated from recycled material in 2019 in districts 1, 2 ,3 , 4 and 5 about 45.244.100.000 rials totally About 17.584.540 kg of dry recyclable materials are recycled in the entire region which reduced waste management costs of about 28.135.264.000 rials in for Solid Waste organization and become recycled materials is Zahedan city. Considering the costs of collection, transport, final disposal and environmental pollution, recycling of this material has Bull economic justification.

In order to investigate the future changes of Karaj microclimate, data collection of Karaj weather station from 1995 to 2015 were applied as baseline period. Daily climate data including minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation and solar radiation by means of GCM-HadCM3 model under emission scenarios were simulated using LARS-WG software. The negative impacts of climate change induced temperatures increase up to 2°C for the period (2046-2065) under A2 and A1B scenarios and precipitations increase of approximately 13% for the period 2011-2030 under A1B scenario. The annual AI varied from 0.01 to 0.05 across the study area. The mean annual AI for the study area during the period 1995 to 2015 was measured at the rate of 0.40. Based on the linear regression, the aridity index of the given condition measured at the rate of 0.002. Thus, with the climate change trend from arid and semi-arid to arid condition in Karaj region, adaptation strategy is mandatory to improve the economical productivity of water resources to account for stability of Karaj agroclimate ecosystem.

The highly efficient CO2 adsorbents were synthesized from banana peel as precursor. As-prepared graphene was then modified through n-doped approach for comparison purposes. For this purpose, graphene was synthesized by the chemical activation with KOH and then by using urea, nitrogen-doped graphene as an adsorbent was produced. The final adsorbent properties were also characterized by numerous characterization tests such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis (BET), Raman spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction. (XRD) and elemental analysis (CHNS) were evaluated. Then, the effect of various parameters such as temperature and pressures on the CO2 adsorption capacity by graphene and n-doped graphene were investigated. The results illustrated that the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity for the graphene and the n-doped graphene was 5.36 and 4.80 mmol/g, respectively. However, the adsorbents maintained their efficiency for the CO2 adsorption up to 5 adsorption/desorption cycles. The obtained results presented the high capability of CO2 capture by the synthesized adsorbents and their potential to scale-up applications.

Drought stress is a limiting factor for plant production. In order to minimize the adverse effects of stress, different modifying compounds have been used. In this study, the role of iodine in reducing the effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics of Carthamus tinctorius L. was investigated in laboratory conditions. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Four levels of drought stress (0, -0/4, -0/8, -1/2, -1/6 MPa ( and three levels of iodine (0, 40, 80 μΜ) were considered as first and second factors, respectively. Results showed that all studied traits significantly (p<0.01) affected by drought stress. With increasing drought stress, germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor, shoot, and root length, as well as seedling weight, were significantly decreased but the use of iodine leads to improve the adverse effect of drought stress. Overall results indicate that iodine could be considered a possibly beneficial element to diminish the harmful effects of drought stress.

Albedo is a very important physical component in meteorology and climate, radiation transfer studies and calculation of Earth's radiation reserve and plays a very important role in climate change research and land surface models. In this study, Landsat 8 images during the summer of 2013 to 2016 were used to investigate the land surface albedo in different land uses in Yazd-Ardakan plain. Then, land use map of the study area was prepared using a variety of supervised classification methods for satellite imagery. The results showed that the map prepared with the maximum likelihood method had the highest accuracy and that map was used as the basis. The results showed that the highest albedo belonged to the Barren lands with an average of 0.31 and the lowest to the agricultural land with an average of 0.20 and respectively, from the highest to the lowest albedo coefficient for Barren lands, residential, sand dune, pasture, mountain, and agricultural land uses and Landsat image can be used with great confidence to estimate the surface albedo.

The waves in the sea and oceans are caused by the wind blowing on the surface of the water. The mechanical energy of the wind generated by the uneven absorption of infrared heat and the visible light of the sun is stored as gravitational potential energy in seawater, which after a short time returns it to kinetic energy (wave).It has long been important to investigate parameters such as velocity, pressure, wave and sea water elevation from an engineering point of view to solve the problems affecting these parameters. These parameters cause other parameters such as wind intensity, tide, salinity and so on. Since the study of the Oman Sea is of great importance not only in terms of engineering science but also because of the particular conditions that the waterways of several countries have. In this study, the modeling of marine currents in the Oman Sea is studied by Mike 3D numerical software. The results show that the most influential parameters in sea currents are the wind intensity and the type of water flow rotation.

Nowadays, landfill is the most common method because of its low cost in many countries. It is necessary to consider the suitable location for burring of solid waste.Choosing a suitable landfill site is a complex process that requires many criteria. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a suitable landfill for industrial waste disposal in Shams Abad industrial town of Tehran province. Multi-Criteria Evaluation methods with linear overlay approach in IDRISI environment were used. The criteria were: distance from river, distance from fault, slope, distance from road, distance from flood path, geology, distance from power lines, agricultural lands, industrial areas, residential areas. Distance from the airport was considered a limiting factor. Fuzzy method was used to standardize criteria and paired comparison method was used to determine criteria weight. Finally, by combining all the obtained maps, the appropriate landfill map was determined .The map determines the appropriate sites for landfill so that all environmental conditions should be considered.

This research was conducted to compare the water quality of the major rivers of Azna city in Lorestan province. For this purpose information on the chemical parameters of the 4 rivers of Kamandan, Marbareh, Darehtakht and ChamZaman was prepared in the April of years 2001, 2006, 2012, 2016 and 2017. For compare the water quality of these rivers for drinking, farming and determining the water type, Shouler, Wilcox and Piper charts were drawn. Samples are within the range of WHO and ISIRI. Calcium has the highest amount of cation and The highest amount of anion is bicarbonate. The amount of SAR increased in rivers from years 2012 to 2016; Altogether, the Kamanan River in year 2017 has been of the best quality for farming and drinking. The quality of rivers in the city is good and in different years the important quality elements of rivers are in the standard of Iran and the world. The results of the Piper diagram show that the water type of the studied stations is calcium-bicarbonate and magnesium-bicarbonate. According to Schuler and Wilcox Diagrams, it can be concluded that overall the rivers have good quality for drinking and are suitable and slightly saline for agriculture.