نشریه علوم و فناوری بذر ایران
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، بهار و تابستان 1397)

This study was conducted to study germination two species of vetch (Vicia sativa; Vicia pannonica) under temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and different water potentials (0, -2, -4, -6, -8 and -10 bar) at the Vali Asr Rafsanjan University laboratory in completely randomized design arranged as a factorial with four replications. The segmented function was evaluated to describe the relationship between germination rate and temperature. Results showed base temperature for germination of Vicia pannonica was -3.65 to 1.39, optimum temperature 23.99 to 25.57 and ceiling temperature 30 to 58.54 under different water potentials. The biological hours for germination of this specie were 32.29 to 74.97 hours under different water potentials. Also, base temperature for germination of Vicia sativa was -3.54 to 1.39, optimum temperature 22.70 to 25.64 and ceiling temperature 30 to 42.28 under different water potentials. The biological hour requirements for germination of this specie were between 33.10 to 83.54 hours under different water potentials. The results of germination rate in both species showed that with increasing water potential, germination rate decreased. In all of water potentials germination rate increased to 25°C and then decrease. Estimated parameters and the relations can be used to prediction time to germination or emergence in two species of vetch under different water potentials.

One of the major factors for the low productivity of seeds is poor seed germination and early seedling mortality due to seed-borne fungi. Several grain-borne fungi, including species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, have been implicated as seedling pathogens of cereals. Experiments were conducted at the seed and Plant certification and Registration Research Institute. Experimental units were arranged factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors (cultivar and storage temperature). The result indicated that interaction between storage temperature × cultivar had significantly affected on seed-borne fungi after three months storage. The seed-borne fungi infestation sach as Asporgilau flavus and Penicillium decreased in all seeds that stored at 20-30C° (alternative temperature), also the Fusarium species infestation was reduced in Usef, Nosrat, and Productive Cultivars seed under storage at 20-30C°, whereas Alternaria alternate infestation was increased in all seeds that stored at 20-30 C° . Meanwhile, normal seedling percentage and seedling vigor were significantly improved by storage seeds at 20-30 C° that it was more pronounced in Sahra and Productive cultivars. Final germination percentage and normal seedling percentage increased, when seed-borne fungi infestation such as Aspergillus flavus,Penicillium sppand Fusarium spp decreased in seed samples. Generally, according to cultivars that examined in this experiment, seed stored at 20-30 C°(alternative temperature) could have maintained their vigour high, it is new founding that could help to control seed-borne fungi (Asporgilau flavus, Penicilliumsppand Fusarium spp) in storage condition also prevent of seed deterioration.

To evaluate the effect of melatonin pretreatment on germination, early seedling growth and some physiological characteristics of Dracocephalum moldavica under osmotic stress, an experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with 25 treatments and three replications. The experimental treatments were including different concentrations of melatonin (0, 5, 10, 50 and 100 µmol) and osmotic stress (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa). The seeds of moldavian balm which were primed with different concentrations of melatonin for 24 hours, then in order to germination test under osmotic stress, they transferred into sterile petri dishes which contain 10 ml PEG. Results showed that increasing in stress caused reducing of germination percentage and rate, seedling dry weight, seed vigor index, radicle length, radicle dry weight, shoot length, shoot dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, protein content ,increasing and soluble sugar content. Seed priming with melatonin caused an increase of plant tolerance to osmotic stress. Melatonin caused the increment of germination percentage and rate of germination, seed vigor index and ultimately enhanced dry weight of moldavian balm seedlings under stress condition. The seeds which were pretreated with higher concentrations of melatonin (50 and 100 µmol) showed an increasing of physiological characteristics (photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugar content and protein) under stress condition compared to control. No germination was observed in seeds which were pretreated with distilled water at the levels of -0.6 and -0.8 MPa, while the concentrations of 50 and 100 µmol melatonin caused a seed germination at all levels of osmotic stress.

In generally, important factors in substitution of varieties are including increasing of yield, improvement of quality and avoid of decreasing of yield varieties versus biotic and abiotic stress. The objectives of this study were to: determine of Weighted average age of wheat varieties and comparison with other countries, determine to effect and correlation between time trend with weighted average ageof varieties and investigation of profitability of irrigated bead wheat varieties with different origins. This study carried out in 2016 for irrigated bead wheat varieties planted in 2004-2016. Data are collected from Deputy of Agronomy in Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture and Certified and Register of Seed and Plant Institute. The methodology of this research were time trend linear regression analysis, weighted average ageindexes, coefficient of correlation and profitability indicators (Net present value, Benefit-cost ratio and Internal rate of return). According to the results, Estimated coefficient of Time Trend on weighted average ageof varietieswas positive and 0.091 and 0.46 and significant.. Benefit-cost ratio(BCR) and Internal rate of return(IRR) for Ghonbad variety with national originwas estimated 5.5 and 41.9%.BCR and IRR for Sirvan variety with international originwas estimated 6.1 and 54.3%. Thus, time trend variable was one of important factor on Weighted average ageof varieties. For more effecting of varieties on farmer’s income based on economic results recommended selecting of proper variety with high profitability, preparation of timely and adequate for improved seed varieties in during of age varieties by institutes.

The seeds of oilseed plants are susceptible to deterioration and the seed power in oilseed plants decreases faster over the time. In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid and seed aging on germination characteristics and biochemical changes of Carthamus tinctorius L. cv. Soffeh seeds,an experiment was conducted as a factorial base on completely randomized design with fourand three replications for germination and biochemical characteristics respectively. The first factor was priming by salicylic acid include seven levels in 0 (distilled water), 50 and 100 ppm for 24 and 48 h in 15°Cand without priming (control)and secondary factor was combinations four levels of aging (0, 2, 4 and 6 days). Results showed that the interaction of priming and aging effects on germination rate, normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, seedling length, length of seed vigor index, seedling dry weight, weight of seed vigor index and EC were significant, but on germination percentage, total protein, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase only affected by the main effects.Results showed that germination characteristics with increasing in the aging duration were reduced significantly and using priming germination characteristics were increased but protein, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase decline along with increasing seed aging. In the study, using priming treatment salicylic acid 50 ppm for 48 h had higher germination characteristics and antioxidant activity and soluble proteins in comparison with untreated or control of safflower seeds.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of treatment by Carboxin Thiram fungicide and Imidacoloropride pesticide on storability and some indicators of seed germination and vigor of maize single cross hybrid 704 in laboratory of department of agriculture at Islamic Azad University in Karaj. Seeds were prepared from Kermanshah Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Centre. Seeds were treated by pesticide, imidacloprid in two rates, 3 and 6 g per kg of seed, fungicide Carboxin Thiram in the 2 and 2.5 per thousand, and combined 3 g Gaucho + 2 per thousand Carboxin Thiraman and non- seed treatment were as a control. Treated seed and control seed stored at room temperature (25°c) 3 months. Then standard germination test was conducted and final germination percentage (FGP) was evaluated, normal seedling percentage and some related traits of seed vigor including seedling length, primary root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight, seedling dry weight, seedling length and weight vigor indices were measured and the experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with 4 replications. The results showed that highest percentage of seed germination was related to treatments of imidacloprid 6 g and the lowest percentage of seed germination was related to control (non- seed treatment), the highest and lowest meantime of germination and control respectively Carboxin Thiram was 2 per thousand. The highest, the lowest weight and seedling vigor index of 2 per thousand treated by imidacloprid 6 grams and Carboxin Thiram. Therefore it can be concluded that seed sterilization as a method to prevent accelerated aging, is disinfectant to maintain and improve seed quality.

This study was evaluated the ability of a hydrothermal time model (HTT) to describe the kinetics of seed germination in crops and also to determine the cardinal temperatures for germination (as a case study; velvetleaf). For this purpose, the experiment was carried out at eight constant temperature regimes (T; 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 37, 40 and 42°C) at each of the following water potential (ψs; 0, –0.18, –0.36, –0.54 and –0.72 MPa; using PEG 6000). The results indicated that ψ influenced germination rate and germination percentage (P < 0.0001). For this seed lot, cardinal temperatures were 11.8°C for Tb, 35.4°C for To and 45.2°C for Tc in the control (0 MPa) treatment. There was a decrease in hydrotime constant (θH) when T was increased to To and then remained constant at supra-optimal Ts (24 MPa h-1). At the Ts above To, ψb(50) values increased linearly with T. The kT value (the slope of the relationship between ψb(50) and T exceeds To) of this seed lot was calculated as 0.1011 MPa°Ch-1. Moreover, the ψb(50) was estimated to be –0.91 MPa based on this model. Our results show that when the HTT model is applied, it can accurately describe germination response of velvetleaf around Ts and ψs.

Optimizing the best methods to enhancement of seed germination and early seedling growth of Hypericum perforatum L. an experiment was conducted in Shahrekord University in two stages. In the first stage, a factorial experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with four replications in seed science and Technology lab, Faculty of Agriculture. Treatments consisted osmopriming with PEG in five levels (0, -3, -6, -9 and -12 bar) as first factor and application of GA in four levels (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) as second factor. results showed that PEG -12 bar + GA 1000 ppm with an average of 91.5% ranked the highest percentage of germination which had no significant difference with PEG -9 bar + GA 1500 ppm and PEG -9 bar + GA 1000 ppm respectively with the germination percentage average 88 and 88.5%, while the control seed with an average (53.5%) had the lowest percentage of germination. As well as combination treatments PEG -9 bar + GA 1000 ppm increased seedling length, seedling dry weight and seed vigor and increased them respectively as by as 1.19, 1.3, 1.96 and 2.14 times than control. The second experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouses conditions, and treatments consisted of the best treatments of first experiment and control. In greenhouse conditions osmopriming PEG -12 bar and application of  GA 1000 ppm with an average of 82% ranked the highest percentage of emergence which had better performance than the control with an average of 41.33 %.  Finally to enhance seed performance of medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L., it could be recommended osmopriming with PEG -12 bar and application of GA 1000 ppm or PEG -9 bar + GA  1000 ppm.

In order to evaluate the effect of priming and seed size on germination components, marketable yield, and some characteristics of bulb onion Red Azarshahr genotype and Zargan cultivar a factorial field experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2012 and 2013 cropping season in laboratory and research field at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbayjan, Iran. The experimental treatments included priming (at four levels: hydropriming with distilled water for 4 hrs, halopriming with %2 KNO3 for 8 hrs, priming with falommin amino acid with 2% for 8 hrs and control (without priming), seed size (at three levels: small, medium, large), and the study of genotype and cultivar were Red Azarshahr and Zargan. Germination components such as shoot lengt, root lengt , seedling length , seedling vigor index, marketable yield and some onion characteristics such as percentage of class I, class II and class III, thick-neck, percentage double bulbs, fusarium infected bulbs percent, sprout number and percentage of bulbs containing multiple centers (PMC) were studied. Results showed that seed priming and seed size improved germination components and marketable yield. The highest germination percentage, seedling vigor index marketable yield were obtained from plant that primed with folammin amino acid 97.75 percent, 697.83 and 43.87 ton/ha respectively, and the lowest were achieved from control (unprimed).

To determine the specific temperature of Medicinal Cannabis sativa, the effects of different temperatures on germination, in a laboratory study in a completely randomized design with three replications were studied. Germination response assessment at constant temperatures (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45ºC) was conducted. The germinated seeds were counted every day and the rate of germination percentage, cumulative germination and cardinal temperatures diagram of Cannabis sativa seed germination based on 3 regression model including segmented model, Beta model and Dent like model. The results showed that the temperature increase of 3 to 25°C significantly increases the germination rate, while the germination rate did not differ at 25 to 40°C. Also with increasing temperature over 25°C, germination was reduced. Dent like model such as higher accuracy in determining the cardinal temperatures hemp seed germination was compared with other models, Base, optimum and maximum temperature of seed germination of Cannabis sativa based on Dent like model was determined 1, 26-39.3 and 48°C respectively.

In order to evaluate sugar beet seed response to heat stress, a study comprising of three treatments was conducted under laboratory condition based on complete randomized design with four replications in 2015. In the first experiment, seeds of the four cultivars were subjected to different temperatures ranging from -20 to 44°C with 3°C intervals to determine the appropriate maximum temperature. In the second experiment, seed germination of 39 genotypes was evaluated under the optimum temperature of 20°C and also the maximum temperature. Based on existing variation, two sensitive and two tolerant genotypes to high temperature were selected and re-evaluated under optimum and maximum temperature together with their half-sib offspring. In all treatments, seven days after the start of the experiment, different traits such as germination percentage, root length, stem length, vigor index, and root to shoot ratio under both were measured. Based on linear regression between germination percentage and temperature, 30% of the seeds were unable to germinate at 30°C therefore, this temperature was selected as the maximum temperature. In the second experiment, variation was found among genotypes for the abovementioned traits. The results of the third experiment showed high heritability for seed germination under heat stress which confirms that the breeding of this trait can be successful.

In this study, to evaluate the seed vigor tests associated with the seedling field emergence and yield of clover cultivars three separate experiments consisted of germination test and seed accelerated aging test in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz and culture in the city of Shoushtar in a randomized complete block design with three replications on 11 cultivars and accessions of clover of 3 species (T. pratense, T. alexandrinum and T. resupinatum) was conducted in 2014. Traits of germination percent, germination rate, seedling fresh weight and dry weight measured in laboratory conditions and traits of seedling field emergence percent and rete, height of plant, number of stem in plant and dry forage yield in field conditions. The results showed that seed accelerated aging test reduces seed germination percent (21%), germination rate (59%) and fresh weight (6%) and dry weight (48%) respectively. In terms of percent and rate of germination and seedling emergence in 3 experiments varieties of Berseem Multicut and Berseem Sucromont were superior cultivars. The maximumu of the dry forage yield of 9.26 tons per hectare belonged to Berseem Multicut. So it became clear that species of Alexandrinum. is compared to other species in the city of Shoushtar. The results of canonical correlation analysis between showed that between stem characteristics in farm and germination components and growth in germination test and seed accelerated aging test there are significant relationships. Therefore the seed accelerated aging test and germination test well could emergence percent and plant establishment of clover in the field predict.

Given that the seed germination of Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex L.) and hence its propagation is experiencing difficulties, therefore, this study investigates the factors limiting seed germination of mentioned tree and how to troubleshoot them are discussed. This experiment was conducted in 2014 in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement with three replications in the laboratory of Horticultural Science Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Iran. In order to remove physical dormancy (impermeable seed coat) mechanical scarification treatments with fine sand (shaking seeds and building sand for 5, 10 and 15 minutes), hot water (70 °C) and acid (treatments of seeds with solution of concentrated sulfuric acid for 1, 5 and 10 minutes and then rinse by tap water for 20 minutes) were used. Moreover to remove the physiological dormancy, stratification of seeds were applied for 30, 45 and 60 days in 3-6oC. The results showed that the highest percentage of seed germination was related to scarification by sand (78%) for 15 minutes and stratification for 30 days. The lowest seed germination rate among all treatments was related to control (4.6%). In overall, it can be concluded from various treatments which used to break dormancy in seeds of Firmiana simplex, it is clear that the seeds of mentioned tree include dual seed dormancy, including seed coat and embryo dormancy. The results also showed seedling establishment of 86.6 % related to combination of scarification and stratification in the mentioned treatment has been much higher than other treatments, specially control (without scarification).

In order to evaluation of germinaton characteristics and seedling growth of Iranian Ox-Tongue (Echium amoenum) seeds resulting from the rootstock in conditions of application of biological and chemical fertilizers in different planting dates and methods, a split split plot experiment based on CRD design with three replications was conducted in 2014 year, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experimental treatments included seeds resulting from treated Iraninan Ox-Tongue with different agronomic factors in farm such as 2 planting dates (10 February and 3 April 2012), 2 planting methods (seed planting and transplanting) and 3 different types of biological and chemical fertilizers (mycorrhiza (Glomus moseae), biosulfur (included Thiobacillus spp.), chemical fertilizer and control). The results showed that mycorrhiza and biosulfur increased germination percentage 18 and 17% and improved germination rate 32 and 33% compared to control, respectively. Mean germination time in conditions of seed planting was less than transplanting conditions. Mycorrhiza application in conditions of seed planting increased radicle length to plumule length 44% compared to control. Effect of planting date was significant on radicle and plumule dry weight, so that the highest radicle (0.0016 g) and plumule (0.0075 g) weight obtained in planting date of 10 February 2012.

It seems mucilaginous seed coat is an aspect of plants evolutionary adaptation to desert environments. Because of mucilage production, seed coat of Balangu Shirazi (Lallemantia royleana) absorbs water multiple times more than of its initial weight. To determine the possible role of mucilaginous seed coat, two mucilaginous (M) and demucilaged (DM) seeds were examined in two separate experiments of drought with six levels (0 as control, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4,and -0.5 MPa) and salinity with six levels (0 as control, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ds.m-1) through factorial experiment as completely randomized design with three replications of 25 seeds. Germination of demucilaged seeds significantly was higher than mucilaginous seed in drought trial; though in salinity stress, there was no significant difference between germination of mucilaginous and demucilaged seeds. Mean germination time (MGT) in mucilaginous seeds was higher than the demucilaged seeds in both salinity and drought stresses. In salinity experiment, length of root, stem and stem/root length ratio in mucilaginous seed was higher than the demucilaged seed significantly; while there was no any differences in drought stress. Interaction of seed with drought was not significant but there was significant interaction between seed and salinity.

Quinoa (Chenepodium quinoa Willd.) is a grain-like crop which has a high grown potential in Iran. Due to it's seed have high nutritional value, therefore, compared to milk nutrition by the FAO. This study aims to determine the seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting three cultivars of quinoa. This plant was planted in a randomized complete block design at the research farm of university of Tehran and, phonological traits were recorded. Then the related studies such as seed dormancy and pre-harvest evaluation resistance were conducted in two 15 and 25°C constant temperatures in seed laboratory. The results shown that there is significant genetic variation for pre-harvest sprouting and other traits. The results demonstrate that Titicaca and Santamaria have lowest and highest germination in cluster, respectively. Also, Titicaca cultivar related to the other cultivars have had high percentage of seed dormancy. The results shown that it is possible to handle the quinoa crop in such areas which have frequent risk of PHS.

Two genera of chamomile and tansies (Anthemis and Tanacetum) belong to asteraceae family are widely used as medicinal plant possessing several pharmacological effects due to presence of active compounds. One of the main problem in maintenance seeds of wild and native species in gene bank is regeneration of aged seeds that lose their viability over times. For increasing of seed germination percentage (G%), it is necessary to apply some seed dormancy breaking treatments. In this experiment seeds of 19 accession from seven species of A. altissima, A. haussknechtii, A. tinctoria, A. triumfettii, A.pseudocotula, T. parthenium and T. pinnatum were provided from Iranian natural resource Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran in 2014-2015. Seeds of A. altissima were storage for 18 years and seeds of other species were storage in range of 9-14 years as medium-term storage (active cold room 4°C). The initial seed G% was also provided from gene bank. Seeds of 7 species were evaluated using 5 x7 factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. The five levels of chilling treatments were initial G%, (control), 1 month and 2 months moist chilling (4°C) and field establishment. Result of analysis of variance showed that there is a significant effects between species, treatment (P<0.0) and their interactions (P<0.05). Results showed that both moist chilling had significantly increased G% in all of species than that for both initial G% and control G%. The 1 month moist chilling treatment had significantly increased total G% with average values of 24.7 % than that for control (6.2%). The lowest G% was obtained in A. altissimo. This species was kept for longer time (18 years) in gene bank, indicating the effect of long time storing in seed derogation. The effect of chilling treatment on G% was higher in A. altissima, A.triumfettii,T.parthenium than other species. It was concluded that 1 month moist chilling is suggested for dormancy breaking of chamomile and tansies

To study the effect of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate treatments on germination and seed dormancy of 14 medicinal plant species from the Lamiaceae, that were collected in the spring and summer of 1392 from their natural habitates in Kerman province, two separate laboratory experiments were conducted at 20-24 centigrade degree, based on completely randomized design with 4 replications of 25 seeds. In the first experiment, seed germination was considered in H2O. The results indicated that the highest germination percentages were observed in Ocimum basilicum (%96) and Salvia macrosiphon (%95) while the lowest germination were obtained in Marrubium crassidens (%5) and Nepeta bracteata (%0). In the second experiment, the effect of seed dormancy breaking treatments such as gibberellic acid (GA3) with 3 concentrations (250, 500 and 1000 ppm) and potassium nitrate with 2 concentrations (500 and 1000 ppm) were practiced on the germination of 10 plant species with low germination (below %80) in H2O. Dormancy breaking treatments were effective on 9 species (i.e. Marrubium crassidens and Ocimum santum) out of 10 species. In most studied species, dormancy breaking treatments increased germination percentage and Mean Germination Time were reduced. Therefore, based on their reactions to the treatments, it was found that these 9 species have physiological dormancy.

In order to evaluate the effect of hydropriming on germination and seedling growth of Chickpea cultivars under drought stress this study was conducted in two separate experiments. In the first experiment the effect of hydropriming on the germination of two chickpea cultivars ILC6266 and MCC510 were studied in physiology laboratory. The second experiment was conducted in research greenhouse in same location. Drought treatments were 70, 50 and 30 percent of field capacity. Analysis of variance showed that increasing the duration of soaking in water to 24 hours, the germination percentage and germination rate increased 8 % and 25 % respectively. Seed priming increased radicle and plumule length of both cultivars, but the MCC 510 has a length of radicle and plumule was higher than the ILC 6266. Also with increasing duration of hydro to 24 hours seed length vigor of MCC 510 and ILC 6266 was increased 41% and 52% compared control condition. Based on the results of glasshouse drought severely reduced germination percentage of both cultivars, although somewhat priming could reduce the damaging effects of water stress as a priming for 24 hours could caused 100% percentage of emergence in the MCC 510. Both cultivars under drought stress in seedling death was caused without priming but The hydropriming for 24 hours could increase 74 percent dry matter chickpea cultivars compared control condition. In conjunction with plant weight vigor also increase drought stress caused a significant reduction of both cultivars in all levels of hydropriming.

In order to study the effects of planting date and seed priming on partitioning coefficients, grain yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was conducted at the Jolg-e-Rokh (Torbat-e-Heidarieh) research station in 2011-12. This experiment was conducted in a split-plot layout based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications on Gascogen cultivar of wheat. Planting date in four levels ( i.e. 12 October, 27 October, 11 and 26 November) and seed priming in eight levels ( i.e. Seed starter, kelp, fulic acid, humic acid, kff, GA3, water and control) were in main plots and sub plots repectively. The results showed that delayed planting dates reduced length of development, Leaf area index, and total dry matter. Planting date had significant effect on leaf and stem partition coefficient, specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf area partition coefficient(LAPC). Delay in planting increased SLA(8%) and LAPC(63%) and reduced spike partion coefficient(68%). Results also showed that delayed planting date result in reducing height(26%), spike number per square meter(73%), thousand grain weight(11%), biological yield(79%) and grain yield(83%). Seed priming increased leaf area index and leaf dry matter in 5-leaf stage and stem dry matter and total dry matter in pollination stage. The positive effect of priming on plant growth, decreased with the progress of plant development but not positive significant effect on yield and yield components on maturity stage.