نشریه پژوهش های دانش انتظامی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 86، تابستان 1399)

This study has identified the research conducted in the field of police interactions in crime prevention using a meta-analysis approach.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type has been included in the quantitative research due to the use of meta-analysis method. The statistical population of the study consisted of four dissertations, twenty Persian articles and two English articles. They were selected from Iranian Police journals, Iran Doc, Megiran, Civilica, Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Database, Science Direct and Amrald Databases. Among them, ten studies in which the correlation coefficient, significance coefficient or correlation coefficient and chi-square value were calculated were selected and evaluated based on inclusion criteria. In the descriptive statistics section, the structured review method was employed and in the inferential statistics section, the meta-analysis was used. CMA software has been used to analyze the collected data.

Thirty-six variables have been studied in these ten studies, and the research findings have shown that the variables studied are effective in preventing crimes. The most influential variables in social prevention of crimes are social (0.911), cultural (0.908) and economic (0.894) activities of NGOs that have had a large effect size and the least effective variable in crime prevention is the police provision of information to the community with the small effect size of 0.190.

The results showed that the most influential variable in crime prevention was the social activities of non-governmental organizations and the least variable was the provision of police information to the community.

Kidnapping is one of the most important criminal offenses, which in addition to the risk of death for the abducted person and causing serious damage to security, peace of mind and mental health of the abducted family, is one of the challenges of the police. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to identify and explain the factors affecting the increase of effectiveness of detectives' actions in criminalizing kidnapping in Tehran metropolis from 2018 to 2019.

The present study is a qualitative research and of directional content analysis and in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type. The statistical population includes 35 detectives and assistant detectives working in the Tehran Metropolitan Criminal Investigations Police's Deputy for Combating Criminal Offenses that have been selected using purposive sampling method. The data collection method is field study and its tools are semi-structured in-depth interviews. MAXQDA software was employed for data analysis.

According to the research findings, it can be stated with 95% confidence that the integration variables of databases, professional training of detectives, unity of command, and high resilience of people are effective in the effectiveness of detectives' actions in criminalizing kidnapping.

Considering the results of the research, designing a comprehensive model of criminalization of kidnapping, examining the police requirements and challenges in criminalization of kidnapping, a comparative study of some countries regarding the process of criminalization of kidnapping seem necessary.

A close attention has been paid to Ra'd's plan for reducing crime and sense of insecurity for criminals and has been highly successful in creating security and enforcing disciplinary guidelines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of developing and implementing police Ra'd plan in increasing social security in Tehran.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population included the Tehran Metropolitan Police Command staff members in district 20. Through Cochran's formula, 110 individuals were selected using simple random sampling method. In this study, the data were collected through questionnaires which had been distributed among the statistical population, the validity of which has already been confirmed by experts and law enforcement experts of Metropolitan Tehran and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha as 0.801.

The effect of the Ra'd plan as an independent variable on the dependent variable (increasing social security) with a confidence level of 0.95 was confirmed. The largest effect of Ra'd's plan was in increasing security by reducing crime, especially theft.

The Ra'd plan creates a greater sense of security among the people, strengthens police reports and records, and enhances the police's ability in investigations and discoveries through employing more sophisticated methods and techniques to identify safe and unsafe places.

social prevention that focuses on children and adolescents at risk and aims to intervene in different periods of development of juvenile delinquent, pervert or children exposed to delinquency in order to prevent chronicity and recurrence of delinquency in the future (adulthood). Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of recognizing the dimensions, effects and programs of growth-oriented prevention according to the legislative developments in Iran and focusing on the central role of the police.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as a descriptive-analytic research. The necessary data has been gathered and explained using library studies and through filing and referring to rich jurisprudential-legal sources.

The age of crime in various offenses is decreasing, so that the age of the perpetrators of some crimes has unfortunately reached to 13 years, and its number is expanding. In this regard, the manifestations of developmental prevention include Iran's religious teachings and legislative policy, as well as sustainable developmental prevention programs, including family-oriented, school-oriented and correctional programs (educational, cultural, religious, recreational-sports, social-work-therapy).

At the legislative level of the Iranian legislature in Article 88 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 2013, by establishing the principles governing the juvenile criminal justice system, attention to the family is at the center of their attention and what has not been considered in this regard is a proper implementation guarantee for the violations of court orders. It is obvious that according to the rehabilitative and developmental effects of the instructions mentioned in Note 88, the existence of a proper implementation guarantee ensures its better implementation by the family, and as a result, preventive and child-centered goals of the juvenile justice system are better achieved.

In order to produce and disseminate police knowledge and empower specialized researchers to meet the needs of the organization and promote the university's scientific status in national and international arenas, the deputy of research at Amin Police University is doing a variety of activities. One of the beneficiaries of these activities was the professors of Amin Police University, and the purpose of this study was to examine their expectations and measure their satisfaction with the research activity of the university.

This study used qualitative mixed method (content analysis of interviews) and quantitative (survey). The statistical population was, in the qualitative section, the structured interview with 8 professors related to the subject and, in the quantitative section, the completion of the researcher-made questionnaire by 126 professors of Amin Police University who were selected by targeted sampling method from various academic groups. In order to measure the validity of the instrument in the quantitative section, first the face validity of the questionnaire was done by interviewing the qualified experts in the qualitative part of the research and using the strategic research document and part of the standard SERVQUAL Quality of Service questionnaire was used. The reliability, using Cronbach's alpha, for research services was 0.931, for research achievements was 0.853, for research performance was 0.931, and for service quality was 0.969.

The professors' expectation from the university's deputy of research in the four areas of the study were 35 demands, and in the satisfaction section, 66% of the professors answering the questionnaire were very satisfied with the research executive affairs, 60% with the research services and 55.6% with the research achievements. Overall, the satisfaction of 57.7 percent of the professors with the quality of services of the Deputy of Research was high and the average response in this variable was 2.64 out of 4.

Most of the professors' expectations of the university's deputy of research were in line with increasing the academic credibility of the university and its professors, and this shows the connection between the interests of the individual and the organization. The results also showed that respectful behavior with stakeholders, especially educated people such as professors, plays a very important role in their satisfaction.

Identifying qualified managers is one of the challenges facing organizations. Given this challenge, the aim of the study was to present a model and identify barriers to succession with a mixed method approach in the I. R. I. Police Command Headquarters.

In this mixed method study, the theme analysis was used in the qualitative phase and descriptive-survey method was used in the quantitative phase. For this purpose, in the qualitative section, 32 experts and inspection experts of the I. R. I. Police headquarters were selected by targeted sampling method. In the quantitative phase, 250 staff experts and independent subordinate units were selected through a simple random sampling method and a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among them. Content validity, composite structure and reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were confirmed. Hierarchical methods have been used to rank variables.

Findings of the research showed that the barriers to succession in I. R. I. Police in order of their priority are: the component of management with coefficient of 0.5748, organizational structure with coefficient of 0.3461, performance evaluation with coefficient of 0.0557, recruitment and employment with a coefficient of 0.0123, training with coefficient of 0.0046, and appointment and promotion with coefficient of 0.0035. In the management sections: Fear of the manager of the succession program, Structure: Emphasis on the executive capacity of the succession program, Performance evaluation: Inadequate evaluation of performance within the Islamic government, Recruitment: Ambiguity in the role, and in the Training section: Emphasis on transferring religious teachings they.

In order to have a set of people who can have suitable successors for current managers, the I. R. I. Police organization must take important obstacles into considerations, and senior managers, with their support of the category of succession, play an important role in achieving the organization's goals.

In the world's criminal systems, the police have specific positions and powers that are inspired by the principles and teachings of each criminal justice system, and naturally there are obvious differences between them that can be measured and evaluated, and identifying them can help the criminal system eliminate weaknesses.

According to the theoretical subject of the research, in terms of its nature it is of an applied research type which was conducted using library resources and documentary studies and translations of criminal laws and the presentation of materials was descriptive-analytical.

In the criminal system of common law, the police have a broader power for preliminary investigation due to the criminal prosecution and network communication system, but in the civilian criminal system there was no such authority, and the police are required to comply with prosecutors. It is within the framework of hierarchical communication; this hierarchical position and adherence to the prosecutor's office in the Iranian penal system also exists with minor changes.

The position of the police in the Iranian penal system and how it relates to the judiciary in terms of the type of communication they have with each other and defined in the law (hierarchical communication) needs to be reconsidered and granting some powers to deal with petty crimes to the police, while maintaining interaction between the police and the judiciary and decentralizing police prevention missions, will strengthen the position of the police in preliminary investigations.