فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 68 (زمستان 1398)

The city as a symbol of the cultural, social, physical ،situation; the political and economic and technology at any age and can measure to evaluate periodically the process of transformation of its society. Urban tissues as well as in every country and in every age and stroke fits the country's degree of development groups and activists through various factors, and formed social, economic conditions; the country's cultural and political at every time in the formation of the urban tissue has been effective. The overall goal of the present paper reviews the role of activists involved in the renovation of the (District 12 Tehran)  decay is, in this respect, after studying the records research and thematic literature research, interview ocksb comments in this regard the role of teachers and the impact of each of the activists on the improvement and modernization of the decay was about analysis. The five activists in the renewal process of decay are: Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and the private sector. The study of the collection and description, as the method is in terms of the objective applied. Statistical research community District 12 residents of Tehran. With respect to the total population of the area 12, it must be said that statistical research community as 240720. due to the high number of population distribution of the questionnaire and the interview, part of a statistical sample for interview and questionnaire distribution selected. In the field, using the method of sampling Morgan, 384 people as the statistical sample is selected. To collect information of a statistical sample of the questionnaire with regard to research and operational variables to set, use them. To determine the validity of the validity of the content of the information collected. Validity of the researcher research using reliability test was 0/963. In order to analyze the data from the exploratory factor analysis and structural equation with Lisrell software was used. Based on the results obtained from a structural equations model, a significant coefficient (T-VALUE) for a set of relationships between research variables with each other and the activists.  That the relationship between the activists (Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and private sector) on effective indicators and dimensions on worn texture of the District 12 Tehran that contains the (economic factors, social factors, physical factors, environmental factors, political factors-legal-administrative and legal factors) respectively against 3/53، 3/5،3/6،3/24،3/62. When considering whether the amount of the obtained T is more than 96.1 can be confidently 95 stating that there is a significant relationship between the variables. As well as the amount of times a factor or standardized coefficient, obtained for the activists related to arrange 0/16،0/15،0/10،0/52،0/09.The city as a symbol of the cultural, social, physical ،situation; the political and economic and technology at any age and can measure to evaluate periodically the process of transformation of its society. Urban tissues as well as in every country and in every age and stroke fits the country's degree of development groups and activists through various factors, and formed social, economic conditions; the country's cultural and political at every time in the formation of the urban tissue has been effective. The overall goal of the present paper reviews the role of activists involved in the renovation of the (District 12 Tehran)  decay is, in this respect, after studying the records research and thematic literature research, interview ocksb comments in this regard the role of teachers and the impact of each of the activists on the improvement and modernization of the decay was about analysis. The five activists in the renewal process of decay are: Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and the private sector. The study of the collection and description, as the method is in terms of the objective applied. Statistical research community District 12 residents of Tehran. With respect to the total population of the area 12, it must be said that statistical research community as 240720. due to the high number of population distribution of the questionnaire and the interview, part of a statistical sample for interview and questionnaire distribution selected. In the field, using the method of sampling Morgan, 384 people as the statistical sample is selected. To collect information of a statistical sample of the questionnaire with regard to research and operational variables to set, use them. To determine the validity of the validity of the content of the information collected. Validity of the researcher research using reliability test was 0/963. In order to analyze the data from the exploratory factor analysis and structural equation with Lisrell software was used. Based on the results obtained from a structural equations model, a significant coefficient (T-VALUE) for a set of relationships between research variables with each other and the activists.  That the relationship between the activists (Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and private sector) on effective indicators and dimensions on worn texture of the District 12 Tehran that contains the (economic factors, social factors, physical factors, environmental factors, political factors-legal-administrative and legal factors) respectively against 3/53، 3/5،3/6،3/24،3/62. When considering whether the amount of the obtained T is more than 96.1 can be confidently 95 stating that there is a significant relationship between the variables. As well as the amount of times a factor or standardized coefficient, obtained for the activists related to arrange 0/16،0/15،0/10،0/52،0/09.

The Relationship between parameters of Geomorphology and hydrology, provides the possibility to watersheds that there are similarities in terms of geomorphology, by creating relationship between these Parameters, attempting to predict floods in watersheds that have data and its generalization to no data watersheds was similar to each other based on geomorphic parameters. In this context, several methods have been proposed. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) in the preparation of flood hydrograph and compare its performance with Snyder, SCS and Triangular unit hydrograph models, in the Mereg catchment, Kermanshah.  In order to implement these methods, information relating to 12 rainfall –runoff events were collected and the direct hydrograph was obtained. According to statistical indices, Mean Relative Error (MRE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), coefficient of bias and Nash Sutcliffe, compare observed and predicted hydrograph showed that the most efficient model in estimating peak discharge is GIUH method and after it Snyder, SCS and triangle methods have the next, respectively. According to the results, Snyder, GIUH, SCS and Triangular methods are respectively estimated as highest performance at the time to peak. Moreover, the results indicate overestimation of GIUH, SCS and triangular methods in estimating peak flows and overestimated and underestimated of Snyder and GIUH methods in estimating of the time to peak. The SCS method also has the best flood volume estimation.

Soil erosion and sediment production is including fundamental limitations in the useing of soil and water resources. The sediment yield of watersheds in addition to the loss of soil and soil fertility decline, caused reducing water quality. Therefore, evaluation processes that govern their behavior to better understand and explain the systems Watershed management practices is essential. The aim of this study is to estimate the total sedimentation determine of the basin. Studies obtained in the sub-basin of Saman 1, Vrkbar 1, four level 2 including R and R2 provides the same results in other sub-basins and the results have changed slightly. After calculating the data in tables results were compared with geomorphology. The results obtained by Hydro physical indicated that the basin Hryqan 2 with scaling potential 9.724 (including R2) in km2 highest and sub-basin four level 2 scaling potential 1.147 have been severity of erosion, but the way geomorphology sub-basin fence Tea 1 with producing potential 07 / 6 highest and sub-basin Hryqan 1 with producing potential 226/1147 least erosion was in the case study. The results obtained in the method Hydro physical indicated the index R2 be the better results than the R. comparing the two models showed that for determining erosion potential watershed geomorphology method is more suitable from method of Hydro physical.

Nearly 2 billion tons of resource soil   is destroyed and massive damage equivalent to 18.5 × 1012 Rails enter the country. Therefore to prevent this damage, it is needed adopt suitable management for preventing erosion and sediment movement. Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation. While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and (on natural landscapes) ecological collapse, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. In some cases, the eventual end result is desertification. Off-site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of water bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of degraded land, making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems world-wideSoil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss each year. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks  To archive to the aim the accurate data about the erosion in the watershed is necessary (intended, H. 1389: 18). Since soil erosion can be studied qualitatively and quantitatively, there are many models and more models for evaluation and were not giving much information about the erosion of soil. Specify a successful strategy to prevent erosion and reduce soil erosion depends on the mutual understanding between soil quality and erosion.

In order to achieve the purpose of the research the case study be studied and identify based on the model of geomorphology and geo physical. In this study, to obtain the production of sediment and soil erosion the geomorphology and hydro physical models be used. In the research,   to prepare the database for estimation of sediment and erosion suitable map were produced, the including topography map, slop map, land use map, caver map,   the layer database in the environment GIS  software corrected and analysis.  In the research using hydro physical and geomorphology models was used to estimate erosion and sediment production. Many data were collected by field.

According to the results of study in Table 11 by Hydro physical model -sub-basin Hryqan 2 with producing potential 9.724 (including R2) highest and sub-basin four level 2 sby producing potential 1.147 least severe erosion was, but in the geomorphology model sub-basin fence Tea 1 by producing potential 07/6 was the highest rate producing erosion and sediment in case study and    Hryqan 1 basin with producing potential 226/1147 be least erosion in the case study. The results of table 4 showed then the hydro physic model including R2 have better results than R, because the results obtained with R2 in the geomorphology model showed the   closer result. After calculating the data in tables results were compared with geomorphology. The results obtained by Hydro physical indicated that the basin Hryqan 2 with scaling potential 9.724 (including R2) in km2 highest and sub-basin four level 2 scaling potential 1.147 have been severity of erosion, but the way geomorphology sub-basin fence Tea 1 with producing potential 07 / 6 highest and sub-basin Hryqan 1 with producing potential 226/1147 least erosion was in the case study. The results obtained in the method Hydro physical indicated the index R2 be the better results than the R. comparing the two models showed that for determining erosion potential watershed geomorphology method is more suitable from method of Hydro physical.

The climate of the earth has begun to warming since 1980’s which has created very serious problems for the human living and natural environment. As a result the study of the global warming and its solutions has become the focal point of the climate change research all over the world. The climatologists are trying to understand, predict and finally give solutions to it. Many different models have been developed to predict and project the future climate conditions among which the Regional Climate Model is to some degree has lower values of uncertainty. The impacts of climate change is relatively higher in the naturally dry climate of the Middle East including Iran. Here the main parameters of the climate that is temperature is increasing and precipitation decreasing. As a result the projection and understanding of these two elements are very important for the region and Iran. For this reason this studyhas focused on the efficiency of the Regional Climate Model in projecting the future climate of the region and Iran.

In order to test the efficiency of RegCM 4.3the monthly temperature and precipitation
Data were extracted for the window 24N-40N and 43E-64E from the ECMWF database with spatial resolution of 2.5 degrees. These data were compared and corrected with the station data of Bandar Anzali, Bandar Boushehr, Mashad, Tehran, Yazd, Zahedan, Khorramabad and Zanjan . The simulated model data for RegCM 4.3were extracted for the same period and area with the same spatial resolution. Both data were transported into the Matlab environment and compared.

Results of simulated RegCM 4.3data were compared withobserved data of eight stations. The temperature data were slightly (about 2 degrees C) more than observed data. But the precipitation projections were somewhat complicated. The values of rainy stations such as Anzali were overestimated ( about 257 mm) while  that of most dry stations such as Zahedan were underestimated (about 58 mm).  But the RegCM 4.3 simulations were the same as the observed data inthe normal stations such as Zanjan. The results showed that the RegCM 4.3is suitable for projecting temperature data more than the precipitation. This is in agreement with the findings of many other studies.

To solve the economic and social problems of villagers, Planning entrepreneurship development among them, one of the most important strategies That agree on that Thinkers and researchers of rural development. Villagers residing in Boyerahmad county Among the residents of the country are the country That's right now in terms of development indicators in particular in the field of economic indicators are in poor condition. Due to the Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurship Capabilities in the development of local communities That It is said to be from it as an economic development engine, Researchers in this research Which is Analytical descriptive type, they want Evaluate Enjoy the villagers in Boyerahmad county from entrepreneurial indices, and identify Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship Development in a template an experimental model. for provide The necessary field and background to develop entrepreneurship in the study area. It forms the research community 26483 supervisors of rural households in Boyerahmad county and Given the time and money constraints and the impossibility of census, was considered 220 villagers as a statistical sample. The results of the research showed Average final score of villagers from Indicators of Entrepreneurship was 2.8 and Has been evaluated Lower than average. The main reason for this is important Can be attributed Invalid indicators of indicators as Innovation, Knowledge on work techniques, Creativity and Risk taking in the study area. Results of the fitted final equation of structural equations regarding Factors Affecting Development of Indicators of Entrepreneurship Among the villagers in Boyerahmad county shows Six identified factors (Economic, educational, supporting infrastructure, environmental resources and communication), With the effect of the whole 667% at a confidence level of 99% Have a meaningful effect On development of entrepreneurship indicators among villagers in Boyerahmad county.

Spiring late and autumn early frosts is considered farming concerns. A sudden decrease in ambient temperature not only impede the process of blooming, plant pollination and fruit production, but it makes pathogens and freezing the water in the plant cells. In addition, the threat to economic infrastructure, including transport and dams, as well as an increase in energy consumption. In this regard, the frequency and persistence of early and late frosts in Karaj city were analyzed based on probabilistic laws as stochastic processes by using the Markov chains technique. For this purpose, mean daily minimum temperatures was used for a period of 24 years (1985_ 2008), derived from Karaj station. Since most harmful frosts are related to the start of transitional season and higher possibility, at first the probability matrix for frost and non-frost temperature was calculated based on the maximum likelihood method and then the possibility of stability and daily return period each of the two modes of frost and free-frost calculated for all months. The highest probability for freezing days was in January and equal to 0.87. Then 2 and 5-day return period continuation of frost days was calculated for the all months. April has shortest return period of 0.03 days for 2 days frost and 0.03 days for 3 days frost and December and February had the longest frost continuity that is 0.24 days for 2 days frost and 0.02 and 0.01 days for 3 days frost relatively. Also the probability of frost days of month With repetitions of  to  showed that December, January, February and March had the maximum probability of frost at . In other words, three occurrences of Frost in these months is more probable than any other probability.

Floodwater spreading operation on aquifer is a way to extract water in arid and semi-arid regions which will make optimal use of water resources of ephemeral and damaging floods. Floodwater spreading and sedimentation on the surface of  soil can make some changes  in soil due to the quality and particles of the flood. These can include a wide range of changes in the characteristics of the surface and depth of the soil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the spread flood on physiochemical properties of soils of Sarchahan-Hajiabad Flood Spreading area in Hormozgan province. In order to measure soil changes at Sarchahan floodwater spreading station, 12 profiles were dug in both flood areas and the control area and sampling from 0 to 30 centimeters depth was produced. In the samples, physicochemical properties of the soil were evaluated. The results of t-student test showed that the average organic carbon percentage, soil saturation moisture percentage,  silt percentage, clay, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and sulfate percentage  in the field of floodwater spreading increased while electrical conductivity, Acidity, bicarbonate, sand and lime percentage decreased.

Flooding is a natural phenomenon and the stakes are very important and destructive in the world. Coupled with the loss of life and property every year around the world, and Iran is on. Intense involvement in the development of urban and rural areas and watersheds, without reading and understanding of hydrogeomorphological features of flood plains Leading to increased risk in the Basin and aggravated damages and associated soil erosion caused by floods. Catchment area in the extreme southern part of the province is Ardabil. It is located in the basin due to the rough topography and high altitudes has been Baghrv. In addition, due to the influence of moisture in the Caspian region, is always likely to be discharged outside the drainage basin runoff there. The existence of human settlements, involved in the meadows and slopes, flood risk have increased. Therefore, the research ahead of potential flooding in the basin will be studied. Various methods for determining the amount of runoff and flooding potential zoning there. Most of these methods are based on graphing techniques and the use of empirical formulas, statistical analysis of flood, breakdown of the number of sub-catchment basin, telemetry data and GIS services. To study floods and estimation of the basin volume and peak runoff moment of America Number drop Soil Conservation Service (SCS) was used. Map obtained from the model, using natural fractures were classified in five classes. According to the results of the Central, North West and South and West basins in the zone with great potential and are of great And 5.13 percent of the watershed area has a lot of potential flooding and 14.62 percent also have enormous potential for flooding in the basin area. In the medium potential areas of flooding, the largest catchment area includes the area of 92.89 square kilometers. Potential flood zones 28.14 and 11.89 percent respectively low and very low catchment area are included.

Contemporary Gentrification experiences in many cities of the world have led to the formation of cultural conflicts as a result of cultural and social gaps, and the gradual disappearance of the cultural and physical structure of the local communities has become obsolete. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the old and old texture identity of Zanjan is altered by the realization. Field and library studies have been used to collect information. The statistical population consisted of the inhabitants of the worn out tissue of Zanjan city. 384 people were selected by Cochran sampling method. Data analysis was performed by factor analysis and path analysis using SPSS software. The results of this study showed that based on Factor Analysis, 65% of the changes that occurred due to the expression of the old texture were carried out in five dimensions. And the physical index with 17% the highest and the economic indicator with 10% the lowest of the change. Also, according to the path analysis, the identity of the worn out neighborhoods of Zanjan city by means of pagination was mostly in the social dimension with the total effect of 0.849 and the physical dimension of 0.798. In this regard, it seems necessary to improve the identity of the worn-out neighborhoods, the provision of special facilities for residents of neighborhoods, the monitoring of how to construct and determine the range of old urban texture and prioritizing construction.

Today, geotourism is considered as a new method in the tourism industry, especially ecotourism, which in addition to its role in understanding and explaining the geosciences, will lead to the tourist development of a region and thus increase income and employment expansion in the area. Tang Takab Tourism Zone in Khuzestan Province is one of the geotourism areas of Iran which can be considered as a tourist attraction at national and international level. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the geotourism potentials of Tang Takab, Maroon Dam and Recreation Beach near the Maroon Dam Lake for sport tourism. In this research, geomorphological locations were identified and their locations were determined by Arc Gis software through surveying topographic maps of 1.25000 and geological maps of 1.000000 and field surveys. Then, the geomorphotourism capabilities of geomorphological sites were evaluated and ranked according to Pralong method. According to the results of the research, Tang Takab with average tourism value of 0.66 has the best rank in terms of tourism value and can be considered as the most attractive geomorphological place for sport tourism. Maroon Dam and Power Plant Maroon Dam with beautiful appearance value of 0.80 and productivity value of 0.78 have the highest geomorphotourism value in the region.