فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 83 (پاییز 1402)

The idea of creative city enabled the innovative thinking and improve the identity of cities in spite of the increasing competition for talents , investment and reidentification . the creative cities are enumerated as a center of innovation , creativity and transformation of idea into wealth . the economy of creative cities depends on culture and handicraft . The purpose of the present study is to identify and prioritize the effective factors in developing SHIRAZ as a creative city . Based on the hypothesis , the ecological and sociocultural factors , ecotourism and organizational factors are very important . This study is done based on a descriptive- analytic design and implemented a questionnaire and library techniques . To analyze the data , SPSS was employed person chi-square , regression analysis and factor analysis were taken into account . To prioritize the factors AHP model was used . The result showed a significant relationship between the pour mentioned factors and the development of creative city . Based on the factors analysis , the economical factors were the first , sociocultural factors were the third and fourth important ones . The AHP results showed that the economical factors were the most important ones and Hafez and Sa’adi zones were the best places . Some strategies such as designing and performing the cultural elements in public spaces and historical zones are suggested to develop a creative city .

In Iran, Hadi plan is the most comprehensive, local and most practical rural development plan that It is increasingly running throughout the country. Evaluate the effects and identify the functional damage of these plans It can provide a cognitive and scientific basis for the implementation problems of these projects, Optimization of financial-executive costs of responsible institutions and as a result It will accelerate the process of achieving the development of the country's villages. Nevertheless, studies show Despite the widespread implementation of these projects in rural areas of the country and Spend large financial costs in this area, a coherent study of the functional impairments of these designs has not been performed. Therefore, Is the main purpose of the present quantitative and applied research Evaluate the effects and identify the functional damage of the conductor design that It has been done on a case-by-case basis in the villages of Kermanshah province. The statistical population includes 856 rural points that A Hadi plan has been implemented in them and Using Sample Power Software as a statistical sample, 244 villages were estimated. The main research tool for collecting field data, was a researcher-made questionnaire that Has reached final approval Its validity by referring to university professors and relevant experts and Its reliability by pre-testing and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To analyse the collected data SPSS and Amos software are used. Wilcoxon test results showed The average rank for the stage before and after the implementation of the project was respectively 19.77 and 125.77 and The implementation of the pilot project has been effective on rural development. The results showed heuristic factor analysis Laws restricting service departments and natural resource acquisition agreements, Weak content and implementation basis of the project, Weakness of the participatory system, Poor location and physical development, Socio-economic instability, Undermining the identity and landscape of the village, Impracticability and Environmental-physical instability, Are respectively the most important damage to the conductor design which together explain about 64% of the variance of the dependent variable. The final model designed, with a good fit, Confirmed the research results.

Earthquake is one of the most important natural disasters that annually causes a lot of damage to human and natural communities. These damages have always led researchers to look for a way to predict this phenomenon. These include using satellite images and analyzing them. Since technology has not yet been invented to accurately predict the location and time of an earthquake, it is very useful to examine the information and analysis of past earthquakes to better understand earthquake-related phenomena. In this study, thermal investigation of Bam fault, using ASTER and MODIS images in December 2003 earthquake Singel-channel algorithm and web coding in Google Earth engine, the heat trend was calculated for six months before and after the earthquake. This process was also monitored using hourly weather data from the Meteorological Organization near the study site to obtain a better view of the thermal status of the area. The results showed that contrary to existing beliefs, the earthquake had no detectable thermal effect with the ASTER and MODIS satellite images on the Earthchr('39')s surface.

The climatology of Thunderstorms is an important component in research for severe weather. Thunderstorms are among the first meteorological phenomena, which have attracted human attention (Khorshiddoust et al, 2017). Thunderstorms are dangerous and one of the most important, abundant and severe atmospheric hazards. Thunderstorms can be associated with a number of hazards. This phenomenon is associated with severe storms, showery precipitation, hail, and thunder and lightning. Heavy rains can lead to flash flooding events. High winds generated by thunderstorm can cause damage to homes, overturn vehicles, uproot or damage trees, causing wide spread power outages. Generally, researchers consider the intense weather instability as a result of convection in lower levels of the atmosphere with high levels enough of humidity. Usually statistic instability, the humidity of lower levels of the atmosphere and lifting mechanisms near the ground are the main factors leading to convection. Moreover, the combination of three factors, instability, humidity and convergence in lower levels of the atmosphere plays an important role in increasing the possibility of thunderstorms (Masoompour Samakosh et al, 2016). In connection with thunderstorms extensive research work has been carried out in Iran and the world in including: Chignon et al. (2001), Manzato, (2003), Doswell et al. (2005), Henderson (2006), Sadeghi et al. (2006), Romero et al. (2007), Schmeits et al. (2008), Siedlecki (2009), Sanaeinejad et al. (2010), Tajbakhsh et al. (2010), Ghavidel Rahimi (2011), Masoompour Samakosh et al. (2014)  Masoompour Samakosh et al. (2016), Tavousi (2016), Dehani (2017), Khorshiddoust et al. (2017), Tavousi  et al. (2016).The city of Kermanshah is the capital of the Kermanshah province and is located in the west of Iran. The latitude of the Kermanshah meteorological station is 34: 21 N and the longitude is 47: 9 E and altitude 1318.6 meters. Kermanshahchr('39')s climate is classified as warm and temperate. The winters are rainier than the summers in Kermanshah. The climate here is classified as Csa by the Köppen-Geiger system. The average annual temperature is 13.3 °C in Kermanshah. The average annual rainfall is 437 mm (Climate data for cities worldwide, 1982-2012). Kermanshah has annually been witnessing a variety of thunderstorms systems and associated precipitation. This city has suffered lots of damage resulted from the phenomena caused by thunderstorms.

In this research, instability conditions of heavy precipitation in Kermanshah are investigated. For this purpose, high atmospheric instability indices such as lifted index, showalter index, K index, convective available potential energy (CAPE) index, precipitable water capacity (PWC) and thermodynamic diagram Skew-T Atmospheric is studied using the radiosound data. The data of upper atmosphere (radio-sound data), available in the website of Wayoming University, were applied to investigate the thermodynamic features of the occurred thunderstorms. The thermodynamic features include KI, SI, TT, LI, CAPE indices and skew- T chart in RAOB software.

The results showed that the valuses of K index in days with heavy precipitation were 20.7-34.8 and in a day before 20.9 - 37.7. The lowest values recorded in January, February and March, and the peaked were in November, April and May. This suggests heavy precipitation in winter with less instability and is accompanied by more instability in the fall and spring. The lifted index in 1997 and 2002 in days has heavy precipitation were 0 to -2.2, which represents the probability of storms with rain and snow showers. The value of the lifted index in a day before precipitation on November 1, 1993 was zero to -2 and on May 12, 1993, November 21, 1994, and April 18, 2002 from -2 to - 5, which represents the probability of thunderstorm occurring. Study of precipitable water capacity (PWC) in the peak days of precipitation and one day before is showed that is most matches with the days that air convection has been intense. On peak precipitation days, the PWC was between a minimum of 35/7 on16 January 1997 and a maximum of 19.92 on 2 November 1993. The wind speed has been between 40-50 knots in all days, except on March 11, 2005, the wind had a speed of about 80 knot. The Prevailing winds are southwest which shows the direction of the Westerly winds system to this area. Investigation of thermodynamic charts showed that rapid convective ascent of available potential energy depending on the weather in the region has been so high and caused the weather to approach three days in advance to the upper layers of the atmosphere and atmospheric turbulence was created for the region.

The simulation of the rainfall-runoff process is a crucial step in water resources management, watershed management, water scarcity crisis, and flood control. The intrinsic complexity of the rainfall-runoff process, spatiotemporal variability, and the factors affecting it make the simulation with physical or hydrological models difficult. Therefore, metaheuristic approaches, such as support vector machines, gene expression programming, and artificial neural networks, have been widely used in hydrological studies, and generally, in the phenomena without definite relationships. Due to the provision of drinking, agricultural, and industrial water, the drainage basin of Aharchay, located in the northwest of Iran, has an influential role in the development of the region. This paper has evaluated the models of support vector machine, gene expression programming, and artificial neural networks for the simulation of the rainfall-runoff process in the drainage basin of Aharchay at the hydrometric stations of Tazeh Kand, Ravasjan, Oushdilaq, Barmis, Owrang, and Kasin. In order to determine the input combination of the models, a list of independent variables associated with the runoff of each station was prepared. Then the appropriate inputs were chosen using the two criteria of the Pearson correlation coefficient and partial mutual information. The input combinations obtained from each criterion were evaluated in the simulation of the rainfall-runoff of the Aharchay drainage basin in the hydrometer stations. The results indicated the reasonable accuracy of the models of support vector machine and gene expression programming, and the relative superiority of the artificial neural network. Moreover, in determining the input variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient provided the best results or was close to them.

The aim of this study was to investigate the future study of urban resilience of Tabriz metropolis against flood chaos. In this regard, Tabriz resilience scenarios were formulated and the desired scenario was determined and executive strategies for the desired scenarios were developed using the SOAR model and the quality house matrix (HOQ). Thus, using the information obtained from the current situation study and survey of experts (10 experts by snowball method) and using Scenario wizard software, Tabriz metropolis resilience scenarios (scenarios with high probability to scenarios With low probability) has been compiled. Then, from a variety of scenarios, appropriate scenarios are selected that are tailored to the desired future. Understanding the key issues, understanding the current situation, and understanding the possible, probable and believable futures are the sides of a triangle that make it possible to map out the desired vision or future for planning. Finally, strategies for improving resilience regarding the desired scenarios were formulated, executive strategies for the desired scenario were presented, and superior strategies were selected. The results showed that the use of educational programs, domestic and foreign experiences, the desire of citizens to learn knowledge and awareness and benefit from the programs of domestic and foreign organizations in order to increase awareness and knowledge of citizens is the best The strategy is to increase the resilience of Tabriz.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in evapotranspiration and to predict the agricultural sector in the northern part of Zahedan station, the central part of Iranshahr station and the southern part of Chabahar station, taking into account climate change. Also, the effect of management on planting date on reducing the negative effects of this phenomenon was investigated.After testing the LARS-WG model, the climatic components in three meteorological stations of Zahedan, Iranshahr, Chabahar and under three scenarios A2, A1B and B1 in HadCM3 model until 2060 with the base period of 1987-2020 were scaled. Based on the root mean square error statistics and model efficiency coefficient, the LARS - WG model had sufficient capability in simulating minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation parameters.  Significant increase in temperature reduces the length of the growing period in different stages between one to 20 days, which will reduce the water requirement of wheat between 4.45-0.05.  Although postponing the planting time intensifies the effect of climate change and reduces the length of the growing season by 10 to 23 days, it will increase the water requirement between 1.29 and 774 cubic meters per hectare.  Due to these climatic conditions for future periods, farmers are not able to control the climatic conditions, but proper management and change in factors such as crop yield and optimization of cultivation pattern in accordance with the climate of the region and awareness of current and future climatic conditions.  It can play an important role in reducing the harmful effects of climate change on the growth and yield of agricultural products and sustainable food production, and comprehensive planning and resource management is an important step towards sustainable development.

Because of globalization and cultural globalization, local and national identities getting deformed. Have been lost their originality and social interaction, places transform to the planeness Relph stated that this placeness have qualities like biformal, sense of none formality, deforestation of places.Since tourist are tend to visit urban spaces that are unique and have different qualities, so, the repetitions of other communities urbanism patterns in urban areas would have negative effects on attraction of urban spaces. So, there seem to have need to put local pattern and values in cornerstone of urban policy. Thus, urban spaces are required to be context friendly to be more competitive and attractive.Besides, since there is a critical demand for shopping malls and restoring classic Bazzars, cultural transformation of time passing, dominance of classicity and new needs of communities including tourists, it is logical to offer contextualism pattern in such spaces. Unless there would be such a new pattern, it can be deteriorated function and branding of the spaces. Getting the pattern, it is required to empirically test its impacts on brand equity of Lalehpark shopping center. As if it would have positive on brand equity it would be recommended to apply this pattern for designing such shopping spaces.

Aiming to sort out particular problem of the society, the research is considered as applied one. The method is considered as mixed method which firstly thematic method (as a qualitative method) were included in the research. For doing thematic analysis for getting contextualism pattern for modern shopping centers, interviews were done and in 9th interview theoretical saturation were recognized in the research process. In this phase, thematic analysis started to work and after initial coding, it is required to mix the codes. The mixed codes forms main and sub themes. By making sub theme, the codes have hemoginity categorize in same main theme, and then by using the components extracted of it for contextualism its impact on brand equity were examined by  structural equation modeling . the appropriate software were determined for executing such a modeling was Smart-Pls. doing explanatory factor analysis, data were inserted to Smart-PlS to have firstly some tests on validity, reliability, T-valueand based on them three items were removed to have valid results.

The results shows that there is a positive impact of contextualism on brand equity by .767 route coeffienct, as well there is such a positive impact between contextualism contextualism i.e. symbolic contextulaism, convergence contextualism and geographic contextualism and brand equity variable. The results imply that in order to have a great brand equity in such shopping centers it is better to practical execute of the pattern in such shopping centers. As well, the results indicate that to have attractiveness in such shopping centers it should include some historical and cultural values in designing.Although the research made some different pattern for shopping centers that have not ever offered but there is a similarity with background researches such as Merriles and etal and Eladly.In spite of having some good features such as its attractiveness, publicity, offering well-known brands, there would be some recommendation for its improvement:1-making bus line and sub way system terminated to Lalehpark.2- Have more cultural events in the shopping center.3- Completing shopping center projects surrounded to Lalehpark and harmonize them with Lalehpark as distinctive building based in the area.4-offering spaces for youth such as sitting areas or reading areas.5- Prioritizing low income individuals demands and offering affordable products.6- Making separation of food court and path to have more calm and safe place for serving food.

Over time, land cover patterns and consequently land use change fundamentally. In order to make the best use of natural resource capabilities, it is essential to obtain accurate information about land use potentials. Kojoor region was registered as one of the most valuable regions of the country in terms of gene and species diversity in the list of the network of protected areas in the world by the approval of the High Council of Environment in 1967.Therefore, in order to protect this area, not only proper knowledge of human factors, but also the role of natural factors such as vegetation is very important.

 In the present study, Landsat satellite images were used in 7 time periods. EVI, DVI and NDVI indices were used to study and analyze vegetation changes in the study area. In the present study, based on the modeling objectives, the study of changes in forest cover in the study area has been performed using Landsat satellite images (4, 5 and 8) for the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2010, 2015 and 2017. The false color images of the OLI sensor used were referred to the panchromatic band with 20 ground control points and observing the appropriate RMSe (0.28) of the ground. Then the images of MSS and TM sensors were referenced by image-to-image method with RMSe less than 0.5 ground. In this regard, the transfer potential modeling was performed with a learning procedure algorithm based on Multilayer Perceptron and prediction of changes for the best model was performed using Markov chain. Then it was used to evaluate the accuracy of modeling with Hit, Misses and False alarm statistics.

The results of the study of vegetation indices showed an improvement in the condition of cover in the study period. The results of the study of vegetation indices showed an improvement in the condition of cover in the study period. The study of land use also showed that with the current trend, the area of ​​uncovered land will be reduced and the area of ​​rangeland and forest cover will be increased. Therefore, the improvement of the coating conditions can be attributed to the application of protective operations.

In order to investigate the atmospheric mechanisms governing the occurrence of the Von phenomenon at the time of forest fires in northern Iran, four types of data were used in the research. First, by taking the statistics of fires, the forests of the north of the period were identified. The monitored data of temperature, pressure, and wind in the front and back slopes of the Alborz mountain range were examined, as well as the networked data related to the National Environmental Forecasting / Atmospheric Science Centers (NCEP / NCAR). The European Center for Atmospheric Prediction (ECMWF) was used to explain the structure of the atmosphere. Modis sensor images were used to investigate the surface temperature and a suspended particle regression model was used to track the air mass. Studies have shown that with the formation of hypertension in the south of the country and low pressure in the north of the Caspian Sea, a strong pressure gradient is created and causes the southern currents in the northern regions of Iran to be affected. So that with the rising of the air mass on the Alborz mountain range and evacuation of its moisture and then passing the air package over the mountain and the heatless heat resulting from that hot and dry air mass has entered the region, these conditions are accompanied by strong winds and areas Susceptible to fire. Studies show that there is a sharp temperature difference between the windward and backward areas of the mountains, which is due to the unreasonable decrease and increase of air closure in the region. Airborne tracking also indicates that the main source of current entering the region is in the northern Persian Gulf and Northeast Africa.