نشریه سیاست و روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 5 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

In a regional system, in addition to the regional powers and its other member states, we must also consider the transregional interventionist powers. Perhaps these powers can play a decisive role in the regional security system. West Asia is one of those areas where the role of transatlantic powers in shaping its developments is significant and important. To this end, the present study seeks to answer the main question that the United States and Britain, as transregional interventionist powers, what role did they play in the developments in the West Asia region at the time of 2001-2017? The hypothesis of the above question is that the interventionist powers of the West Asian region, by increasing the tension, conflict, and militarization among the countries of the region, by balancing the beneficiaries in that crisis, try to provoke and sustain the crises and, consequently, they are pushing for regional developments in their own interests. Thus, in this research, we try to examine the role of the United States and the United Kingdom in the developments in the West Asian region with the pattern of systems and the transregional intervention powers variable.

With the end of the bipolar system, the United States claimed to be the most powerful state in the international system, but the world order went further than other powers with long-term and strategic plans to challenge the country. China is one of these great powers that, given the potential to become a hegemon and take over America's current status, as a shrewd actor, has raised many concerns for US strategists and officials. Many consider US-China relations as the most important bilateral relations in terms of their effects and consequences on international politics and system, and regard their changing behaviors as fully calculated and rational in terms of playing and political tactics. The purpose of this study is to examine the changing behavior of US and China in the relations of these two countries, so this article seeks to answer the main question of what is the result of US-China political and economic games and how does it lead to convergence or divergence between Within this framework, the research hypothesis is that competitions between China and the US in economic and political spheres are the result of the choice of the two countries' best international relations decisions that each actor plays at each stage of the game., With their particular game of choice, and these choices lead to convergence or divergence in their relationships.

The South Caucasus region faces a series crises and conflicts that have persisted for many years, and in the near future, we cannot be hoped for a settlement. Russia's role in these crises seem to be decisive. Therefore, the analysis of Russia's interests in these crises can help identify the roots and dimensions of these crises and draw a vision of their resolution. In this study, by examining the conflicts in the South Caucasus and Russia's relations with the countries of this region, it has been attempted to answer the main question in the framework of neorealism school. The research question is: What role does Russia play in these conflicts and what goals and interests are pursued by this country? The findings of the research show that Russia, according to its political and security approach, has defined the near abroad, especially the South Caucasus, as its natural sphere of influence. Russia, therefore, does not tolerate any foreign intervention and influence of Western countries in that region. By intervening in existing conflicts and helping to continuation of the crisis, Russia pursues a policy of dependence of the countries of the region on Russia and the prevention of the influence of other powers. In this study, theoretical framework of research is neo-realism in international relations; the research method is descriptive-analytic; and the method of collecting information and data was library.

The conflict management between the two countries, India and Pakistan, has been influenced by several factors since 1998. Among the changes in the international post-war era, the economic factor, as well as the balance of power between the two countries in the nuclear field. The central question of this study that is the Balance of Power between India and Pakistan in the nuclear sphere, what impact on the type of dispute and Conflict between the two countries from 1998 have had onwards? In response to this question this is study based on the theory of Balance of Power Kent Waltz, particularly the theory of nuclear deterrence as well the concepts of internal and external balance in the kind of hard and soft and reviews on the disputes between two countries since Pakistan's independence from India to conclude the (results): the Power of Balance in history between India and Pakistan in the nuclear sphere, conflicts between two countries from a "conflict directly and face to face" to the "lack of direct military war" brought.

For a long time, African leaders have long been working to bring about the continent's development, taking into account the internal and international developments, while adopting a regionalization strategy for the unification of the African continent. With the establishment and emergence of the "African Unity Organization" and the evolution of its development, which led to the creation of the African Union in the field of structural equations in the African region, an intra-regional mechanism was established among the member states in order to comprehensively address political factors , Economic, cultural, common security, and promote the process of regional cooperation and regionalism. The security and economic situation in the African region, both under the influence of both state actors and transnational actors, has created a process of regionalism development that has prevented the prospects and objectives from being achieved easily. On the other hand, in line with developments in the world and the region, African countries have recognized the need for greater solidarity and solidarity to meet the goals of the African Union in order to cope with the challenges facing Africa. In this paper, to study the regional convergence process in Africa, in addition to examining the structural barriers in Africa, the discussion of security issues and its implications for African growth and development is considered as a decisive element. The authors are trying to examine the regionalization in Africa using the Copenhagen School with a descriptive-analytical approach.

When the Justice and Development Party (AKP) took power in 2002, a new look at the issue of the Kurds created in Turkey. During the governing of this party by 2014, the process of reaching a final peace with the Kurds was followed in a way that was very promising, but from this year onward over and over, the process of peace and the Kurdish problem solving was reversed and some unrest took place in many parts of the Kurdish regions. The main research question is what were the causes of AKP's change behavior towards Kurds after 2014? The research hypothesis emphasizes Erdogan's rise to power and his shift to authoritarianism. For this research, James Rosenau’s theory and descriptive-analytic method have been used. Findings of the research show that although Erdogan's authoritarianism after 2014 and Entrance the People's Democratic Party to the country's parliament has played a prominent role in the emergence of this situation but the role of external factors can’t be ignored. The emergence of ISIS and getting into power of Syrian Kurds in northern parts of the country and also the disappointment with the process of joining the European Union are the most important external factors in this regard. Thus, according to James Rosenau's continuity theory, the two variables of the individual and the international system have the most influence on the behavior of the Turkish government towards the Kurds.

Central Asian energy reserves have drawn the attention of important international actors. However, the creation of security of energy transmission routes and its supply to improve the efficiency of industry and economy arches are among the main concerns of these actors. Narcoterrorism, or in other words, threats from drug traffickers in Central Asia have caused serious security problems in the area. By the descriptive-analytical method, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of narcoterrorism on EU energy security and collected information from library sources. The main question of the article is, how is EU energy security threatened by narcoterrorism? And what is the most important EU strategy for securing energy in Central Asia? Research findings indicate that in order to strengthen forces and buy weapons, extremist groups in Central Asia have used drug trafficking as a continuous source of income, and created serious problems for security of the region. On the other hand, through initiatives such as cooperation with the European Council, NATO, the Organization for European Cooperation, in order to secure the transmission route of Central Asia to Europe, EU reaction in the face of these threats has not been effective.

Saudi Arabia has taken a hostile approach against Iran because of its regional policy failure.. Riyadh, with numerous tools, seeks ethnic division, including in the Azeri areas. The insistence on creating an identity contrary to historical facts and defining approaches based on artificial identity is a common feature of the Azerbaijani Republic and Saudi Arabia towards Iran. Al Saud has more than two decades of security cooperation with the Republic of Azerbaijan to develop Wahhabism in the country. Riyadh seeks to boost separatist activities against Iran, aware of joint actions of Baku, Tel Aviv and Washington in promoting Pan-Azarism. Baku and Riyadh collaborations on a variety of topics, including exchanging information, financing ethnic groups, creating ethnic channels in cyberspace, employing separatist activists, claiming ethnicity in Iran, turning sports symbols into symbols of ethnic divergence. During Eliyev Aliyev's trips to Saudi Arabia in 1394 and 1396, Riyadh, who has long experience in arming anti-Iranian separatist and terrorist groups, emphasized the injection of money into the Azerbaijani economy in exchange for Baku's cooperation on ethnicity.The visit of the leader of the Gaip group to King Salman confirms this view. This paper draws on Alexander Went's constructivist theory that identifies governments as determinants of their foreign policy. The article emphasizes that Riyadh has incurred the costs of its wrong policies with numerous failures and this trend continues and Azerbaijan's participation in this dangerous process can have negative effects on the integration of this country with different ethnicities.

Islamic Republic of Iran is among the very few states which has established strong amicable relations with both North and South Korea and maintains these relationships over the years despite all of the difficulties. On the other hand, intensification of crisis in Korean peninsula and the continuing debates on its reunification can deeply affect the national interests of Islamic Republic of Iran due to the uncertainty of Korean peninsula future and the power relations in it. The authors believe that, Korean reunification will bring about both opportunities and challenges for Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the global and regional powers; however, there is a great possibility that fulfillment of this reunification restricts our national interest in the peninsula, rather than its reinforcement. In this regard, the present essay in addition to reviewing the background of Islamic Republic of Iran's relations with both North and South Korea, will evaluate the most likely and significant scenarios of Korean reunification, and thus, it will consider the probable impacts of this event on the national interests of Islamic Republic of Iran.

The present article seeks to study Iran's and Turkey's foreign policy approach in the Syrian crisis based on the theory of neo-realism, focusing on its two branches: defensive and aggressive realism. This paper seeks to answer the fundamental question of what factors have influenced the Iranian-Turkish foreign policy approach in the Syrian crisis? The supposition to answer this question is that Iran's foreign policy in the Syrian crisis is based on maintaining Bashar al-Assad, preserving status-quo, fighting terrorist groups, supporting peaceful solutions to the crisis, while Turkey's foreign policy is based on changing status-quo in Syria, By overrule Bashar al-Assad and supporting the terrorist groups and supporting the opponents of Bashar al-Assad. In this paper, from library and documentary reference are utilized with descriptive-analytic research methodology to explaining the subject. In this paper, from library and documentary reference are utilized with descriptive-analytic research methodology to explaining the subject. 

In the conventional economics literature, the crystallization of the possibility of non-profit economic activities along with profit-making activities with the third sector of the economy, including benevolent activities, is found; the waqf entity can be considered as one of the institutions of the third sector in the Islamic world Examined. Among the important strategies for using the waqf entity is the idea of scientific diplomacy in the Islamic world.The issue of this research is the clarification of scientific diplomacy using the capabilities of the waqf institution and discovering its strategies. The method of data collection is library and its analysis is based on the method of the analysis of the subject. Based on the results of this study, three main themes and subjects that are related to the analysis of the content of related written sources are: Definition of Scientific Endowment Diplomacy, "The Need for Scientific Endowment Diplomacy" and "Endowment Diplomacy Strategies".The dangers of the current globalization, the need to create a regional and global Shiite force, the flood of Islamophobia and Shi'a, the need to activate the third part and the importance of diplomacy through the scientific centers reveal the need for scientific diplomacy through the institution of the waqf. Paying attention to new scientific developments, establishing coordination with other scientific centers of other countries to create joint research institutes, utilizing the components of pure Islamic discourse for regional and global convergence are among the most important strategies of scientific diplomacy endowed through scientific centers. They are.

Syria’s geopolitics situation has turned the country to the place of encountering interests of regional and international powers. For this reason, with outbreak of the Syrian developments, each of regional and international actors such as the EU played a role in Syria on the basis of their own interests. For the EU countries spread of insecurity in the Middle East is frightening. That is why, they have adopted different strategies regarding the Syrian crisis. The research aim is examining the EU strategies towards the Syria Crisis; case study of England and France, which have pursued an active diplomacy toward the crisis. Accordingly, the question is that what were the UK and France strategies towards the Syrian crisis? The finding is that the UK and France in the framework of the EU grand strategy, in compatible to Syrian development and its outcomes have chosen different strategies that can be categorized in three sections: a) threat and pressure aimed at regime change, b) military intervention aiming to confront terrorism and finally c) maintaining status- quo and supporting nation-state building procedure after stabilization of Bashar al Assad situation. The research method is analytical-explanatory and the Copenhagen School theory was used for theoretical explanation of the research.