مجله مدیریت مخاطرات محیطی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

Concentrate on rescue after occurrence of earthquake in residential areas and accommodation, housing and reconstruction as secondary operations are affecting the problem of crimes after the earthquake. Especially if an earthquake is happen in a metropolis or in a vast area, the commitment of crimes after that event will be an important matter. The diversity and increase of such offenses could encounter the state with a big problem. Therefore a big plan before the occurrence of earthquake will be necessary. Offenses that may be committed after the earthquake are strongly influenced by social, economic and environmental (geographical) factors. These crimes can be categorized as earthquake victims and opportunist crimes. The crimes committed by earthquake victims are often related to urgent need or psychological problems, but opportunists are individuals which using the opportunities created by the earthquake to serve their own illegal and immoral purposes. In this paper I am discussing the causes of commitment and increase of crimes after earthquake as an event. The role of governmental and non-governmental organization in the control and prevention from these crimes has been discussed, too. Concentrate on rescue after occurrence of earthquake in residential areas and accommodation, housing and reconstruction as secondary operations are affected the problem of crimes after the earthquake. Especially if an earthquake is happen in a metropolis or in a vast area, the commitment of crimes after that event will be an important matter. The diversity and increase of such offenses could encounter the state with a big problem. Therefore a big plan before the occurrence of earthquake will be necessary. In this paper I am discussing the causes of commitment and increase of crimes after earthquake as an event. The role of governmental and non-governmental organization in the control and prevention from these crimes has been discussed, too. Despite numerous researches into the criminology of natural disasters and crises and in this paper, while using many of them, they are also listed in references at the end of this paper, an independent study has not been conducted on the issue of crime prevention after an earthquake. This paper while explaining the need to implement pre-earthquake crisis management strategy and making preventive decisions to reduce harmful effects, especially post-earthquake offenses, in the end, with the geographical division of the crisis center and its management area, provides practical and executive solutions. This paper is therefore innovative and can serve as a basis for further and multidisciplinary researches

The selection of cropping patterns is one of the main factors in increasing agricultural productivity. Optimal allocation of land and determination of suitable crop production in each region to prevent unwarranted consumption of inputs and reduce the disaster of lack of food supply after scientific study of factors affecting cropping pattern and taking into account different indices. Therefore, the present study determines the factors affecting the cropping pattern and their prioritization. This research was conducted in Silakhor agricultural area in Dorud Lorestan. The research method used in this study was a library, skillful interviews, and inspection (collecting questionnaires from farmers). The variables affecting the cropping pattern were extracted using exploratory factor analysis and then Shannon entropy-based TOPSIS method was used to prioritize crop cultivation. Factor analysis results indicated that the variables affecting sustainable crop pattern selection in the region can be classified into six factors, mechanization-farming, soil and climate, macro-government management, production support, social and production margin. These factors explained 61.41% of the variance of the effective variables in selecting the cropping pattern. Also, in the four-criterion entropy method, Access to cash capital of cultivation needed (0.236), Crop water requirement (0.233), crop profit (0.098), and cultivation area more than 1 ha (0.039). They had the highest priority in choosing the pattern of cultivation. Finally, the results of TOPSIS Multi-Criteria Decision Making showed that autumn sugar beet (0.598), Wheat (0.589), Barley (0.558), Canola (0.556), autumn peas (0.515). ), Rice (0.499), Quinoa (0.471), and saffron (0.390), respectively, have the highest priority for being included in the region's cultivation pattern.

Developing countries are severely vulnerable to climate hazards. Global changes in climate patterns and events alter the quality and access to natural resources which leads to a widespread impact on their social and economic systems which is a kind of threat to today's societies and future generations. Rural communities are among the areas most affected by climate hazards and fluctuations, which require adaptive action to protect their livelihoods from the effects of climate hazards, which requires understanding and adaptation measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptation capacity and its components to climate hazards in two villages of Sefidbarg and Bivandsofla using a combined descriptive-analytic approach based on questionnaire data. The variables included in this study include individual characteristics and adaptation indices to climate hazards including economic, social, infrastructure, personal knowledge, and government. Effectiveness of each component and analysis of data collected were analyzed using statistical techniques. The results showed that the local communities of Bivandsofla village with average of 2.33 and Sefidbarg village with average of 2.88 have low adaptation capacity in the face of climate hazards phenomenon, and low adaptation capacity of these two villages directly related with economic, social, infrastructure, individual knowledge and the government. The infrastructure component also has the highest adaptation capacity and the economic, social, individual knowledge and government components have the lowest adaptability capacity. It is therefore necessary to pay special attention to improving the capacity of societies to adapt to the economic, social, individual and governmental components. Prior knowledge of the factors affecting adaptation capacity and the provision of supportive policies by related organizations may allow for increased adaptive capacity in planning change management strategies.

The term “Landscape” is one of the most challenging concepts which have been interpreted differently across different disciplines and specialties with such variations being observed among both objectivists to and subjectivists or even a combination of the two. This article evaluates the resilience of Shiraz's landscape by accepting the definition of landscape as a phenomenon composed of objectivity andsubjectivity that claims to have a holistic and systematic view. Many approaches, such as the science of complex systems, chaotic dynamics, and the impact of phenomena commonly called Black Swan Theory believe in the difficulty or uncertainty of the available modelings. The landscape system in this study, with all its components and complexities, was considered a black box within the realm of the System Theory. Based on the evidence obtained from the March 2019 flood in Shiraz city and using a combination of AIDA and DPSIR models, processes in the landscape system were investigated in the Shiraz city, as a case stud. Then the resilience ratio with the landscape system and environment was explained. Finally, the resilience of Shiraz against the flood hazard was explored through the field observations and documentations including 50 in-depth interviews with people involved, and the content analysis of three lectures and four specialized panels. The findings showed that, in general, with the holistic approach of the landscape system, the city of Shiraz has been resilient to the terrible flood of March 2019 and its hazardous consequences. Although the flood caused great loss of life and properties, due to the Shirazi people cultural developments and social behaviors that occurred on the day of the flood in Shiraz, it led to more solidarity and a greater sense of belonging among the affected and unaffected groups. Morevoer, social activities, along with the efforts of other organizations and institutions, led to a faster return of damaged social and physical systems to their original state and pre-flood conditions. In addition to the organizational, institutional, and government support, the economic problems of the flooded people were alleviated by the help of charities. In fact, the strength of Shiraz resilience was laid over the social and cultural solidarity of the people of Shiraz. In other words, the resilience of Shiraz against the flood of March 2019 hazards is physically a kind of bounce back to its original state and a kind of bounce forward socially.

The hospital should be considered as one of the vital and sensitive components of the city in terms of passive defense conditions in order to manage risks. Tabriz is one of the most populous cities in the country, which provides the medical services needed by the whole of East Azerbaijan province and to some extent neighboring provinces. Therefore, in order to deal with natural and human hazards, it is necessary to take the necessary approaches so that the hospitals of this city have maximum safety in the face of possible dangers. Due to its importance, the study included 13 effective criteria for distance from sensitive military and industrial centers, distance from fire stations, distance from parks and green spaces, distance from health centers, distance from commercial centers, dispersal and radius of access to hospitals, distance. The main thoroughfares and roads, the distance from the fault, the distance from the river, the distance from the educational uses, the distance from the fuel centers and the population density have been used and the location of hospitals in Tabriz has been examined by neural network method. The innovation of this research is the use of neural network method in determining the vulnerability of different regions against risks and threats. For this purpose, multi-layered perceptron neural network (MLP) method with Lonberg-Marcoat training algorithm was used. To achieve the research goals, 104 training points were introduced and 13 neurons were identified as hidden layer neurons, and to achieve them, the trial and error method was used. To determine the effectiveness of the criteria, the appropriate areas were identified and the results show that among the current hospitals, Shahid Aali Nasab Hospital has the best position in terms of passive defense with the aim of managing risks among Tabriz hospitals and Imam Reza hospitals. "," Shahid Madani "and" Taleghani "are in a more unfavorable situation than others. The results also show that in terms of passive defense in risk management, the southeastern parts of Tabriz are the most unsuitable and the northwestern parts are the best areas for the construction of a new hospital.

For growth potential Entrepreneurship Tourism and its product can only be consumed in its place; Tourism plays an important role as a strategy for local development. The aspects of tourism entrepreneurship, in addition to being strongly related to physical space (territory) and intellectual space (interaction between local and social actors); It is also closely related to culture and nature conservation. Unlike industry, tourism entrepreneurship must protect its production to survive. Given that the tourism industry is made up of various components such as tourists, the host community, commercial companies hand the environment; several factors may threaten one or more sectors of tourism entrepreneurship that affect the overall performance of the industry. As a result, tourism entrepreneurship is strongly affected by disruptions and risks such as recessions, political crises, weather events, and natural disasters. What is important is that there should always be a coherent system for supporting, planning, and managing tourism in times of crisis, and be prepared to act before it happens. Accordingly, one of the requirements for achieving the resilience of the tourism destination community and entrepreneurial activities in tourism is accurate and appropriate recognition and evaluation, along with the rationalization of risks in order to control and control it. Unfortunately, the lack of information in this sector reflects the fact that little attention has been paid to risk management in tourism entrepreneurship, which increases the importance of paying special attention to risk management.Considering that the development perspective of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and Koohrang county has been developed based on tourism development. Understanding the hazards affecting tourism entrepreneurship is important for two reasons in this province and Koohrang county: First, this province is currently one of the main destinations for rural tourism in Iran. Lack of sufficient knowledge of the dangers of tourism entrepreneurship and how and how much it affects the sustainability of rural tourism; it has made little use of the great potential of tourism in employment development and poverty reduction. In addition, it has led to the loss of some environmental resources. On the other hand, one of the most important strategies in the development perspective of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province has been developed based on the tourism industry. Accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the risks and how they affect the development of tourism in the region can be prepared by micro-planning, preparing the local community for a timely and appropriate response to risks. This requires that operational research be conducted to identify the risks and their impact on the development of tourism entrepreneurship, and by recognizing the potential challenges in this area, pave the way for achieving the desired development goals. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer these questions: What are the hazards affecting the development of tourism entrepreneurship? Moreover, what pathways from combining these hazards can be more effective in developing tourism entrepreneurship?

This study was an applied type; its' nature and method were descriptive-survey. The present study was conducted in the period of 1398. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 5 components. The main data collection tool was a questionnaire taken from Ayashi study, 2012 and Zamanzadeh et al., 2016, the validity of which was obtained by the opinions of experts and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha test for socio-cultural risks 0.76, environmental 0.80, structural-functional 0.65, safety and security 0.71, and for the development of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship 0.79. To calculate the sample size, equivalent with the purpose of the study, which examines the effect of independent variables (conditions) on the dependent variable (result); the number of 244 people was estimated using SPSS Sample power software, which was obtained with a test power of 0.80 and a confidence level of 0.95. The statistical population of the study consists of tourists visiting Koohrang county.

The results of the study show that 76% are men and 24% are women. The statistical sample age is between a minimum of 24 and a maximum of 67 years, and their average age is 40 years. In terms of education, the highest number of people had diplomas with 42.5, and about 37.1% of the studied sample had university degrees in associate's, bachelor's and master's degrees, and 20.4% of their education was under diploma. In terms of employment, about 24.6 percent were unemployed, 48.2 percent were self-employed, and 27.2 percent were employed by companies and government agencies.Condition and result in the analysis were conducted by using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy set and the analysis steps were applied as follows: first, calibrating and standardizing the data, second, using the truth table algorithm, third, classification of conditions and finally X, Y to confirm the effect of the conditions on the desired result in fs / QCA software was terminated.

Given that the tourism industry is made up of various components and in addition to tourists and the host community, it includes commercial companies and the environment; several factors may threaten one or more parts of the industry that affect the overall performance of the industry. This study aimed to investigate and fundamentally identify the risks affecting the development of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship. Data analysis showed that different risk paths affect the development of tourism entrepreneurship, but the type and effect of each are different. Awareness-based anticipation is one of the necessities of the tourism industry. Identifying the threats to the tourism industry is one of the prerequisites for forward-looking management. The results show that accurate and complete knowledge and the necessary predictions to deal with different types of risks can paint a brighter future for the management of the tourism industry. However, given the direct link between the tourism industry and the environment, it seems that the threatening environmental risks have further raised concerns among the target group. Proper preparation following the natural environment and adequate preparation and training in this field can reduce and control its possible harms to some extent. The research findings on the development of the county's development landscape, especially the issue of entrepreneurship and especially tourism entrepreneurship, are important.