فصلنامه دانش حسابداری مالی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 25، تابستان 1399)

Today, corporate sustainability as a value and ethical behavior is related to firms' decisions on issues such as human and environmental resource management, occupational health, and social relations.According to the life cycle theory, firms behave differently in the face of society and achieve to sustainable development at each stage of the life cycle, due to the resources at their disposal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of corporate sustainability performance(CSP) at different stages of the corporate life cycle(CLC) and also the impact of CSP on economic value added(EVA) during the CLC stages.

This study is the descriptive research and is type of post-event research.This study is also applied research in terms of purpose. In this study we surveyed 91 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009 to 2017. In this study, we used ANCOVA and LS regression to test the hypotheses.

The results indicate that the level of CSP varies at different stages of the CLC, and CSP reaches a peak in the maturity stage of CLC.On the other hand, the results showed that CSP has a significant positive effect on EVA in growth and maturity stages.

According to the research findings, firms engage in corporate sustainability activities to create competitive advantage, gain social legitimacy, and optimal use of resources when they reach the stage of growth and maturity.

The result of this study is that by examining the relationship between CSP and EVA over the life cycle of the company, it provides valuable insights into the development of the theoretical foundations of CSP and the usefulness of CSP in the path of corporate value creation.The innovation aspect of this Study is the application of firm life cycle theory to CSP.

Despite the importance of the issue of asset revaluation by listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) in recent years, there is little empirical evidence regarding its drivers and consequences. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of asset revaluation on earnings management.

To examine this issue, 1147 firm - year observations from 2007 to 2017 were tested using multiple regression models. Furthermore, to measure earnings management, three common models with high detection power have been used.

The findings illustrated that there is a direct relationship between asset revaluation and earnings management. The research findings also show that the relationship between earnings management and asset revaluation is stronger when revaluation is using non-depreciable assets.

In line with the hypothesis of opportunistic behavior, managers are more likely to have the necessary incentives to engage in up-ward earnings management due to the unintended consequences of assets’ revaluation on operating profit and decrease in earnings per share due to capital increase from revaluation surplus. Following asset revaluation, just because of changes in accounting numbers (without changes in assets’ economic value), the materiality calculated by auditor increases. Thus, by disrupting in calculation of the materiality, earnings management level in firms is likely to be increased after asset revaluation.

 The present study using opportunistic behavior hypothesis and materiality concept explains and interprets the relation between asset revaluation and earnings management which seems to be a novel idea. It is expected that this study has significant achievements. For instance, findings of this study suggest that researchers should capture the effect of asset revaluation in their regression models in an effort to prevent potential misleading inferences from their results in the case of controlling client firm size based on total assets in their regression models.

With the introduction of behavioral and psychological issues in the context of the accounting and auditing profession, new areas of meaning entered the field and increased attention to the role of man, his motivations and behaviors in this profession. Trying to identify and define the word “pro-organization” The term made it multifaceted, opaque, and complex caused the purpose of this article is the development of a conceptual model for Auditors’ Unethical Pro-organization Motivations and behaviors based on data grounded theory.

In this research, collected via interviewing a sample of 22 auditors serving as accounting professors at universities, affiliated with Iranian association of certified public accountants, and working as executives in stock exchange, using snowball method and grounded theory.

In this way, extracted 124 conceptual code, 36 secondary items, 18 primary items and 2 conceptual model and components such as Personality characteristics, Moral characteristics, religious beliefs, Attitude, Knowledge and expertise, Experience and skill, Beneficial thinking, Lack of transparency and Unresponsive.

The results of this study showed that Unethical Pro-organizational Motivations and behaviors it originates from, Individual characteristics, Organizational position, Professional characteristics, inside the organization factors and Extra-organizational factors. Lack of attention to these behaviors causes’ decreased transparency and decrease responsiveness.

 On one hand, a new definition of the word “pro-organization” No literature from the past and on the other hand, Identify these behaviors in the audit profession, which has the best ritual of professional behavior. But, there was no such meaning in it. This could be the beginning of new rules and regulations.

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for identifying different dimensions of the board of directors to apply corporate governance in state-owned banks.
 

The nature of this exploratory research with an inductive approach and its philosophy is an interpretation with a developmental direction that for this purpose, thequalitative method of Grounded Theory was used. Therefore, the target population was the professors familiar with corporate governance in the areas of finance, economics and management. Also, a combination of purposeful judgment and snowball method were used to select the sample. The research data were collected from semi-structured interviews with twelve university professors.

As a result, analysis of research data through open, axial, and selective coding method was extracted from that, the role of board as causal conditions and board structure as central phenomenon and board characteristics as contextual and confounding factors and finally accountability as outcome and output.

The only effective mechanism for achieving the most important goal of corporate governance in banks, which is accountability, is the board.

The research findings led to the improvement, development and especially the combination and integration of the theoretical foundations of the research, which can be used by banks and even other companies.

The Board of Directors is responsible for establishing effective and non-weak internal controls. On the other hand, according to the input-process-output theory, the level of education of board members is important and enhances the level of education of the board's effectiveness. Therefore, the level of education of the board of directors can be one of the factors influencing internal control. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of theboardeducation level on the of companies internal control weaknesses.

To test the research hypothesis, the financial information of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2018 was used, so that after applying the constraints in this study, a final sample of 96 companies was selected. After measuring the research variables, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test the research hypothesis. Hypothesis testing was also performed using Eviews econometric software and statistical data panel techniques.

According to the prediction of input-process-output theory, the results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between the level of education of board members and the weakness of internal control of companies. In other words, the higher level of board education leads to the Decrease of the companies internal control weakness.

More educated executives in the board are more efficient and effective than their counterparts and perform better and improve the internal control of the company by exercising more control over the internal control of the company.

The findings of the research can cover the research gap in board education and may be useful for managers, investors, and regulators of capital market decision making.

Conditional conservatism is an integral part of the process of normal accruals that are not formulated in these models. This research aims, in accordance with Byzalov et al (2016), by controlling the asymmetric behavior of explanatory variables in accrual models, which is due to the observance of the principle of conditional conservatism by accountants, on the one hand, measure the change in the explanatory power of accrual models, on the other hand, examines the usefulness of the model developed by Byzalov and Basu (2016) in measuring conditional conservatism.

The model of Allen et al (2013) was the basis and were collected data from 150 companies listed in Tehran stock Exchange in the period 2006 to 2017, and bad news indicators were added to the original modelstep by step. 

Controlling current cash flow asymmetric effect to the initial accrual model in the first step and then taking into account the asymmetric cash flow effect of the before and the next year as well as the variable of sales growth and number of employees in the second stage and finally taking into account the cumulative effect of cash losses on selection as an indicator of bad news, they increased the explanatory power of the model step by step, and the Vuong test showed a significant increase.

The developed model of Byzalov and Basu (2016) has a higher explanatory power than the Alan et al. (2013) model and can be used to measure conditional conservatism in Iran.

The present study provides a new insight about accruals by controlling the asymmetric effects of disaggregated bad news indicators on accruals, which is consistent with conditional conservatism, and offers a new model for measuring conditional conservatism and earnings management tests in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between management optimism models and financial reporting quality with the moderating role of governance mechanisms using the structural equation approach.

Financial data and data of this study were extracted from the financial statements of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange between 2011-2017. After applying statistical population constraints, 171 companies were selected to test the hypotheses, and PLS software was used to test the research hypotheses.

The results showed that management optimism has a significant and inverse effect on financial reporting quality. On the other hand, the moderating role of management system shows that as a supervisory arm plays an influential role in negative effects of management optimism on financial reporting quality because management influence system. Significant and positive is the quality of financial reporting.

Managers' personality traits have a significant relationship with financial reporting practices. Corporate Supervisory Arm, which is the corporate governance system, plays a role in adversely affecting management optimism on the quality of financial reporting. Therefore, corporate governance mechanisms can reduce opportunistic behavior, They can improve the quality of financial reporting by reducing agency costs.

 For the first time in this research, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the optimism criteria of management and the quality management system of financial reporting using a structured analysis approach that examines the impact of hidden criteria.