نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 44، تابستان 1399)

Heavy metals such as copper and zinc are essential for fish and human metabolism. But excessive concentrations of heavy metals impair ecosystems as some of those cause potential bioaccumulation in live beings. Fish are the major inhabitants in water bodies and can be highly affected by these toxic pollutants. The presence of these contminations in fish is known to cause various diseases in humans. White fish are popular among people; therefore it is important to study the amounts of heavy metals in them in respect of health and the health of the community food. The purpose of this review was to check the accumulation and concentration of chromium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in white fish muscles, to study the relationships between fish size (length and weight) and metal concentrations in the tissues and to compare their amounts with FAO standard. White fish (60 numbers) were caught of northern (Anzali) and southern (Someh Sara) Anzali wetlands in winter of 2017. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured in the edible tissue using a flame atomic spectrophotometry. The average of weight and length were 460 -468g and 31 – 32.40cm in white fish. The concentrations average of zinc and copper were 11.32 and 13.61 (mg/kg, dry weight) in white fish of northern and southern Anzali wetlands, respectively (P<0.05). The Cd concentration average (mg/kg, dry weight) was zero in white fish (P>0.05). The copper concentration average (mg/kg, dry weight) was 2.47 and 3.66 in white fish of northern and southern Anzali wethlands, respectively (P>0.05). Mean of zinc and copper levels were significantly lower than FAO (P<0.05). The zinc concentration level was greatest in the muscle of white fish followed by Cu and Cd. Studied metals had not significant differences in the edible tissue of captured samples from northern and southern Anzali wetlands (P>0.05). Acoording to achievement results for chromium could not be studied its correlate with length and weight. A negative correlation occurred between Cu and Zn levels with length and gender in the muscle of captured White fish from northern and southgern Anzali wetlands. Positive correlation happened between Cu concentrations with weight of fish in southern Anzali wetland. Relationship was negative between heavy metald Cu with age of studied fish in northern Anzali wetland. Significant differences were not observed in correlation (P>0.05). As the permissible levels of chromium, zinc and copper are stated to be 0, 50 and 20 microgram/gram by FDA; therefore, the captured white fish of northern and southern Anzali wetlands is suitable for human consumption and has no side effects for humans’ health in terms of food hygine.

Inland wetlands are of the most important natural terrestrial types of water resources. Against its importance in protecting and improving biodiversity, air quality and macro-climatic condition of their regions, industrial development, and urbanization treat their natural existence and behavior. Therefore, monitoring and quality evaluation of wetlands are necessary to analyze and infer their natural mechanism. In this research, a spatio-temporal kriging approach with different water quality indices, including the United States of America Water Quality Index (NSF), Canada standard index (CCME), and the index of Iran have been used to study the quality of Bamdej wetland located in the north of Ahvaz, the capital of Khouzestan province. The Bamdej wetland classified as an interior freshwater wetland that is fed from Shavour River, surface runoff, and agricultural wastewater. In the current research, monthly samples during a year from 23 points (2009-2010) and 20 quality indicators have been used to provide its monthly water quality pattern and inundation boundary of the wetland with the previously mentioned quality indicators. The results of the current research are used for a better understanding of the wetland behavior using different indices based on the provided plans of the wetland. The results showed that the NSF index was obtained between 50% and 90% in April; therefore, the quality of most of the Bamdej wetland differs between medium and good ranges. Also, according to the NSF index in June, the wetland quality was placed in a moderate range. The maximum and minimum values of the CCME were 31.4% and 79%, respectively; therefore, the wetland quality varies mostly in low-quality ranges. Overall, the quality of the Bamdej wetland has a better condition in the northeast, west, and occasionally in the southeast.

In spite various uses of river water, it has always been exposed to pollution due to the development of human societies and the expansion of industries. Different indices, is used for estimation of water quality. Nowadays, aquatic organisms have efficient uses in water quality estimation. In this study, diatoms of Anbaran river, located in Namin city, east of Ardabil province, were investigated in 2017. Four sampling stations were selected to study diatoms of Anbaran River. At each station, algae samples were collected from stony substrates. Along with algae samples, water samples were also taken in one-liter containers and transferred to the laboratory for analysis of nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, silica, chlorine, calcium and BOD and COD. The amount of dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, salinity, pH and TDS were also measured using a portable in-situ device. Sequencing method using CANOCO 5 software was used to investigate the relationship between diatom species and environmental factors. In total 45 species belong to 27 genera and 13 families, were identified. Nitzschia with 5 sp. was the largest genus. Planothidium lanceolatum, Cocconeis placentula, Cymbella affinis, and Planothidium frequentissimum were the dominant species in the river stations which are indictors of eutrophic waters. According to the ordination analysis, pH, Phosphate, BOD, COD, Temperature, Nitrate and ammonium were the parameters most affected diatom distribution. According to the results of species diversity indices this river had moderate contamination.

This conducted to study the taxonomic status of the Turcinoemacheilus populations from the Gaveh River drainage, a part of the Tigris River basin, sampled in 2016, using the COI gene and morphometric characters, since provided morphological and colouration feature could not resolve its identification. For this purpose, after sampling DNA of specimens were extracted using phenol-chloroform method, their COI gene were amplified by thermal cycler and sequenced after purifications. Based on the results, the members of the Turcinoemacheilus populations from the Gaveh River clustered with T. kosswigi with 0.61% genetic divergance. In addition, this population revealed remarkable morphological differences with other populations of this species and can be distinguished by having almost truncate (versus little emarginate), absence of black spot on the base of the dorsal fin and accumulation of melanophore spots at the base of caudal fin.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytoremediation on reduction of phosphate, nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Ahwaz wastewater during 90 days. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications was used for this experiment. The plants of Typha Latifolica and seven grasses (Polygonum aviculare) were selected according to the tropical climate of Khuzestan province. In this study, percentage of removal of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, phosphate by Louis plant were 55.40, 59.13, 57.35, 52.38%, respectively. Also, the removal efficiency of the studied parameters by seven-plant grass was 25.89%, 61.80%, 73.98% and 59.04%, respectively. Nitrate, phosphate removal efficiency was higher in seven-stroke grass than in Louis. According to the results of the two treatments, Typha Latifolica and Polygonum aviculare had effects on biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate and nitrate decreased this parameter over the remaining 90 days. The values of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, acidity, electrical conductivity were lower than those of Iranian and US Environmental Protection Agency standards for agricultural irrigation use, but higher nitrate levels.

The functions of wetlands are water supply, livestock supply, wildlife refuge, employment and human uses, research and training, climate adjustment and recreational services. The purpose of this study is to estimating the economic value of Gandoman international wetland with area of over 1100 hectares in 2017 and provide it to the relevant authorities for its further protection. Data collection tool is questionnaire and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression using SPSS and SHAZAM software. The results show that there is a significant negative relationship between the bid amount and the probability of respondentschr('39') willingness to pay at 5 percent. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between monthly income and age variables of visitors with the probability of willingness to pay at 10 percent. In addition, according to the concept of the marginal effect, a unit increase in the bid amount, monthly income and age of the respondents would decrease 0.09 percent in probability of willingness to pay and would increase 19 and one percent in probability of willingness to pay, respectively. Based on estimated Logistic model, the expected value(average) of willingness to pay for each visitor is 5831.2 Toomans and total recreational value of Gandoman international wetland is approximately 175 million Toomans.

Assessment of heavy metals concentrations in aquatic ecosystems can be effective to taking actions to improve the quality of environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was downed to evaluate the heavy metals pollution in water and sediments of water supply points of water treatments in Ahvaz and Mollasani along Karun River and the effect of physico-chemical parameters on these pollutants concentration. For this purpose, six stations were selected along river and from each station; three samples of water and sediment were collected in summer and winter of 2015. After transferring the samples to laboratory and digesting samples, the heavy metals measurement was determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrometry. From SPSS software and statistical tests such as ANOVA, T-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the results of metals and parameters in water and sediments. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd in water were 3.1±0.62, 4.42±1.04, 6.2±1.45 and 0.31±0.06 μg/l and in sediments were 19.8±3.7, 65.9±7.20, 41.8±6.5 and 2.1±0.25 μg/g dw, respectively. The results of One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed that the mean of metals and physicochemical parameters were significantly different between stations (P <0.05). Also T-test statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the concentration of metals and parameters (except DO and size of sediment particles) between the two seasons (P <0.05). Investigating the relationship between physicochemical parameters and the metals amount in water of river showed that the different parameters have a different effects on the rate of metals dissolution in water. The relationship between sediment-physicochemical parameters and the metals amount in sediments also showed that the size of sediment particles had no significant effect on spatial distribution and accumulation of metals in sediment, while the percentage of organic matter showed a significant positive correlation with all metals. The findings of study provide useful information on the distribution of physico-chemical parameters and heavymetal concentrations in the Karoon River, which can help monitor and evaluate the region water.

Today, Conservation of natural resources regardless of the role of indigenous communities for modern protection and sustainable productivity, itchr('39')s not possible; because the participation of local people in the conservation of the natural capital an effective and big step is to Protect them. Gorem Belmak Wetland is the largest wetland in Pol-e Dokhtar township with an area of 562 hectares in 1996 by the primary beneficiaries, with the construction of a drainage ditch, seven-kilometer-long canals were drained into the Kashkan River. The present study, which was conducted in the fall of 2019, in terms of practical purpose and is a descriptive-correlational research that the data collection technique is a questionnaire before training and after training. The population Statistics examined in this study 37 students mixed the first class of high school is Shahid Momeni. Students trained in 7 days, which included 5 training sessions that combined a combination of questions and answers, group discussion, lecture, and data analysis, used the Chi-square test. The results of evaluating the wetland attitude of the agents of "public knowledge of the wetland" and "participatory management of wetland restoration" of students before teaching indicate the score of 12.08 with a standard deviation of 1.81 and after teaching with an increase of 4.58 the average score to 16.66 with a standard deviation of 1.57. Among the 5 variables of these two factors, the variable of participation in environmental culture of wetlands with 4.96 had the highest increase in scores after training. Comparing the average score of students chr('39')attitudes based on the Chi-square test shows a significant difference with a 99 percent probability of confidence between studentschr('39') attitudes before and after education.