مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 22 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Translation of a literary text is the most difficult type of translation and faces special challenges which makes it even more difficult. This type of translation requires theoretical approaches to provide strategies for a better translation and success for the translators. Antoine Berman is a translator, theorist, philosopher and historian of translation whom under the influence of philosophy took a new look towards translation studies. As a translator and theorist, Berman paid a particular attention to the original text and believed in the loyalty of the translator in translation. This study which is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the translation of Rabee Jabir’s work, Al-Itirafat,  by Fatemeh Jafari according to Berman’s seven deforming tendencies: rationalization, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishments, destruction of rhythm and destruction of expressions and idioms. The result of the study shows that destruction of rhythm and expansion are the most recurring factors of text distortion in Fatemeh Jafari’s translation. These tendencies in turn influenced the expansion tendency and in some instances there was an increase of expansion in Jafari’s translation. In terms of transferring the structure and content, she was loyal to the original text and in terms of rationalization, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment and the destruction of expressions and idioms she had the least deviation from the original text. The frequency of each deforming tendency in translation of Al-Itirafat novel is shown using a bar chart.

In the process of translating stories, proverbs and allusions are key cultural elements, which convey meanings and messages of the original text to the reader. The main problem for translators in this process is the accurate way of confronting these elements. In this challenge, the equivalents are one of the important factors which pave the way for the translator.  A good equivalent should convey not only the meaning, but also the spirit, feeling and experience of the literary writer to the reader. The present study aims at criticizing the translation of one of the most popular works of Resistance Literature, “DON'T FORGET” , by applying Newmark’s approach. In his model, Newmark considers cultural elements and divides them into five groups (ecology, material culture, social culture, institutions, customs, concepts, movements, gestures, and body language). The present study focuses on the fourth category and investigates the quality of translation of concepts, including allusions and proverbs, and analyzes them by applying Newmark's methods of translation of cultural elements. In this descriptive-analytical research, following an investigation of several examples and adapting them to Newmark's strategies, it was found that the translator has been successful in translating the concepts of the book by using the functional equivalent method. Furthermore, he has used semantic translation more. And sometimes the meaning of the proverbs or allusions are not well understood, as a result, a wrong equivalent has been entered in the text.

The free flaunt of translator’s language and applying rewriting elements is one of the most important reasons for the emergence of  authorship translation approach in Persian literature and classic Arabic. In this approach, just like free and communicative method, translators avoid equal, equivalent, and parrot-like translation which is mostly inexpressive and incomprehensible. Rewriting approach was widely used in old Persian translation from Arabic because of not regarding rules and scientific standards of translation and idealistic goals. And relaying on rewriting issue and its mechanisms the translator would deal with lots of changes in translated texts compared to the originial without considering custody. The present research tries to study the concept and rewriting aspects in four episodes of Bal’ami’s history (the killing of Siavash, the making of Kavous’s Palace, Kavous’s ascending to heaven, abandoning sovereignity by Kay Khosrow) considering André Lefevere’s rewriting discussion in order to achieve aspects and functions of rewriting approach in Bal’ami’s translation. The results indicate one of the reasons of Bal’ami’s translation durability, which is known as the translator not the writer, is due to the successive aspects of rewriting concept. And the translator has created a rather different work than Tabari’s by using techniques uncluding adaptation, structural adjustments, delete and compression, and sometimes verbiage.

Poetry translation is one of the most controversial and important issues in the field of translation about which different opinions have been presented. Some considered it impossible, while others endorsed the translation of poetry into traditional poetry and provided successful examples. The situation is different in translating modern poetry (lit. Nima poetry), because modern poetry gives great importance to internal music. Internal music is based on linguistic techniques (modern metaphors, repetition, pun, antithesis, exaggeration, parallelism, etc.) and semantic figures of speech (symbolism, the use of myth, etc.). Badr Shakir al-Sayyab has numerous poetic innovations and linguistic creations, and it is difficult to translate his poetry in such a way that it has the least amount of phonetic and semantic loss. This article seeks to explore the linguistic features of his poetry and the difficulties of translating his poems. The general conclusion is that the translator is able to make the least phonetic and semantic loss using some linguistic techniques in the target language and accuracy in finding lexical equivalence.

Throughout the past decades, the study and making scientific maps has been taken into consideration and raised as one of the scientific studies’ indicators in various fields. The present study examines scientific productions in the Journal of Translation Researches in the Arabic Language and Literature which is present at ISC. The purpose of this study is to review the authors' scientific activities in the Journal of Translation Researches in the Arabic Language and Literature, along with their scientific network in order to make their scientific information visible. This has been possible and tractable through the interactions between authors and Universities. This research is a scientometric study that was performed with a quantitative method and citation analysis. The research population contains all articles in the Journal of Translation Researches in the Arabic Language and Literature selected from 2011 to 2019, which are indexed in ISC science citation index (SCI). The maps were made using co-citation analysis and completed by VOSviewer software. The findings show that the authors’ scientific contributions in this journal are at a desirable level. On the other hand, there is a positive and significant correlation between the variables of scientific communication and scientific production. In other words, those authors with more productions are more involved with other authors in writing articles. The results of the present study emphasize on the importance of publishing articles in the Journal of Translation Researches in the Arabic Language and Literature and the scientific collaboration between authors and universities.

Different patterns and models have been proposed by translation theorists, which are used as a suitable and more accurate criterion for measuring translations. Ms. Carmen Garcés’ (1994)'s theory of translation quality assessment is one of the most important theories in the field of linguistics, which organizes and analyzes the quality of translated literary texts in order to determine their qualitative level. The aim of this article is to examine the main text of the story "Nahr al-Dhahab" by Yaqub al-Sharuni using the model proposed by Garcés on the semantic-lexical level. This story is translated by Dr. Vahid Sabzianpour and Hasiba Vakili as “The Golden River”. The most important findings of this paper written by a descriptive-analytical method, indicates that this translation, in terms of its "semantic-lexical" level, contains a limited number of data that are compatible with Garcés’ theory and its various subcategories, such as: syntactic adaptation, adaptation, definition or explanation in terms of cultural differences and ambiguity. Linguists believe that the different meanings of a single form lead to ambiguity. According to Garcés, the ambiguity may be intentional or inadvertent. Intentional or artistic ambiguity must be conveyed, and unintentional ambiguity must be removed. According to the review of this translation, no ambiguity was observed in the book Nahr al-Dhahab. According to the findings of this article, "adaptation" or the same semantic choice close to a sentence or word in translation, has the highest frequency, and "explanation", i.e. the explanation of the word in a footnote or parentheses, has the lowest frequency. There were also some instances of syntactic compression which is considered as one of the negative points mentioned in Garcés theory.

Antoine Berman, a theorist in the field of translation studies, believes that some events happen in translation, especially prose translation, which could be categorized under thirteen titles. He believes that using negative analysis method, we can examine these thirteen categories in translated texts. Implementing this theory on two Arabic translations of Sadegh Hedayat's novel , TheBlind Owl, by Al-Dasughi and Adas, we try to prove that this theory can be considered as universals of translation. The analysis of these translations shows that all the thirteen titles exist in the translated novel except for beautification. The reason for not achieving beautification in the translation of this novel is because it is a modern prose; since the objective of the author and thus the translator of the novel is far from beautifying and using stylistic devices. Finally, despite some drawbacks in implementation, the theory has a relatively efficient framework for reviewing translated texts and can be considered among universals of translation.

There is no doubt that a considerable part of famous animations have been formed for educational and entertaining purposes, and the creators of these works, relying on the literary language, introduce their target community (children) to the world of humor and its expression techniques. The more humor is norm-breaking in these visual-verbal genres, the more audience it would attract. This feature also applies to dubbing animation and highlighting its verbal humor. Therefore, the more the translator/dubbing team is aware of the subtleties of the target language, the more prominent its role can be in achieving this goal. Zootopia (2016) is one of the most successful animations, which in addition to creating attractive and exciting scenes, has a language that, according to many critics of children's films, is also a successful example of children's humor. The popularity and influence of this animation caused scientific groups to take the responsible of translating and dubbing it into Arabic and Persian. In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method and based on the strategies of humor translation by Magdalena Panek (2009), an attempt is made to comparatively study the strategies of verbal humor translation in Arabic and Persian dubbing of Zootopia. The results show that literal translation in Arabic dubbing (34%) and paraphrasing in Persian dubbing (32%) is the most frequent strategy in translating the humor of the target language. Also, the significant difference between the use of modulation strategy in Arabic dubbing (2%) and Persian dubbing (19%) shows that the Persian translation and dubbing group had more emphasis on harmonizing the structure of animation’s humor with the target culture and language. Therefore, Arabic dubbing has been more successful in localizing humor than its Persian counterpart.

Iḥsān Abbās (1920-2003), Palestinian literary scholar, critic, editor, translator and historian, was a renowned and unique scholar in the contemporary era. He produced various valuable works including translation, editing and literary criticism. One of his critical works is Trends in Contemporary Arabic Poetry. Since its first publication in 1977, this book has been a reputable source in the field of contemporary Arabic poetry criticism, especially the poems of pioneering poets. This book has eight chapters and one appendix. Those eight chapters deal with the criticism of contemporary Arabic poetry. That appendix contains some poems which were examined in the eight chapters. This book was translated into Persian by Habib Allāh Abbāsi with a preface and footnotes in 2005. This translation is a hasty, confused and full of obvious faults and errors including neglecting Arabic grammar, mistranslating words, terms and sentences, neglecting context, register and subject and leaving out parts of the book. The method that is used to analyze this translation is a contrastive approach. What will be studied in this paper is only the tip of the iceberg. In other words, errors in the translated text, especially in the prose parts of the book, show us that they are not in many cases in harmony with the original Arabic text but are in total contrast with it. The errors in this translation are to such an extent that retranslation or at least a total revised edition is an inevitable necessity.

Translation is one of the ways to create cultural interactions between nations. In the meantime, it is the translator's responsibility to provide a correct translation. Translation theorists have come up with different patterns and models for evaluating translations. Translation evaluation and assessment based on the available models and patterns, reveals the quality level of the translated text and its positive and negative features. Therefore, the acceptability of the translation of a literary work is determined when it is evaluated according to these patterns. In this article, the Arabic translation of Marzbannameh, titled "Stories of Al-Amir Al-Marzban on the Language of Animals", has been studied based on 9 cases of Antoine Breman's text distortion system theory and evaluated by descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that despite being familiar with the Persian language, the translator has sometimes failed to understand, receive and transfer the content and despite the translator's efforts, meaning gap and inefficiency in equivalent selection can be observed. Among the studied components, the two components of qualitative and qualitative impoverishment had the highest frequency and the component of destruction of rhythms had the lowest frequency. The main reason for this and the distance of the translator from the original text should be considered in the type of source text and its literary and technical aspect and the translator's lack of fluency in Persian.

In recent decades, high-ranking and prominent people in the country have used terms and expressions in their interviews and speeches that due to their relatively high semantic load were welcomed by many Persian speakers and became prevalent in the Iranian society. These terms and expression have also been reflected in the Arabic and foreign language media, and by interpreting the news, sometimes several Arabic equivalents have been presented for a specific term, the identification, critique and study of which are of special importance. Considering the importance of the issue, the present research tries to identify and extract the latest and most important interpretations and common terms in the political and social literature of the country, and evaluate the performance of those media in translating the above-mentioned terms based on Ivir’s model, using an inductive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study are: Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar, ISNA, IRNA and Khamenei news agencies. The foreign news agencies studied include: Al-Arab, Al-Jazeera, Al-Yawm Al-Sabeeh, Al-Hayah, Al-Ghad, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, Al-Watan, Al-Ahram, Al-Dastour, Al-Rayya, Al-Ittihad and Al-Maaref. One of the most important findings of this study is that the domestic Arabic-language news agencies have the fewest "borrowings" and the most "deletions", and in contrast, the foreign Arabic-language news agencies have the fewest "deletions" and the most "replacements" in translating the interpretations and terms in question.

Kalila and Demna was translated into Pahlavi language by Borzuya and two centuries later into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa'. Later, in the sixth century AH, as the Pahlavi version was lost, the Arabic translation became the basis for translators such as Nasrullah Munshi and Muhammad ibn Abdullah Bukhari. This article seeks to examine the similarities and differences between the two translations by focusing on the story of the Pious Man and the Skunk. For this purpose, the present article relies on the analytical-descriptive method and Eugene Nida’s Translation theory. The results of this study show that both translators, by distancing from word-for-word translation, which was very common at the time, relied on eloquence and made adjustments and immersed the reader in the discourse of the story. However, Nasrullah Munshi was more concerned with delivering the proper effect and conveying the main message of the text to the audience. Therefore, he made more adjustments in his translation and hence, added Quranic verses, hadiths, poems and Arabic proverbs to his translation which became closer to Nida's dynamic equivalence. On the other hand, Bukhari, on the order of the Shah who was the audience of his translation, remained faithful to the original text, sticking to the details and frameworks of the stories, hence, it is inclined toward Nida’s features of formal equivalence. Yet, he also sometimes makes minor adjustments in translation due to cross-cultural and cross-lingual differences, which are not very frequent compared to Munshi’s translation.