مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 28 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some extent. One of the prominent theoreticians in this field is Antoine Berman, who enumerates thirteen factors of deviation in translation in his theory entitled Deforming Tendencies. Based on the techniques of Berman's translation, the present research analyzes the novel Barid Al-Layl written by Hoda Barakat and translated by Seyyed Hamidreza Mohajerani with the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In this translation, several tendencies of Berman's theory have been discussed, which have been the most repeated in Mohajerani’s translation, these tendencies are: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment. Of course, it is necessary to mention that there are some examples of other deforming tendencies in this translation, which have been avoided due to their low number. In this article, with a careful study, cases of deviations in the translation of Barid Al-Layl are presented based on the mentioned tendencies, and in some cases, a suggested translation is also presented. In general, it can be said that the biggest cause of deviation in Mohajerani’s translation is related to the explanation and interpretation of the translator, who intends for the reader to clearly understand the content; therefore, it is clear that this translation is more oriented towards the target text.

According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different worldview, social and cultural level, is present in the novel and interacts with each other. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" in a multi-voiced world, with the depiction of different sounds, has the heteroglossia feature, and the language of each character in each part of the novel interacts with other languages. This heteroglossia can be seen in the language, tone, and form of the novel, and its translation is very important, and this article will analyze this feature. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. The present article tries to criticize its Persian translations with a descriptive-analytical method in order to find out how translators dealt with the heteroglossia feature of the novel in the translations. There have been three translations of this work by Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni and published under the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In the study of more than 60 samples of translations in multiple languages manifested in the tone and language of the character and the double-voiced discourse, it seems that each of the translators has been successful in translating the heteroglossia feature to some extent. Banouni has performed poorly in this field and has often not provided an acceptable translation.

Focusing on the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, this study investigates the issue of what kind of relationship is the "semantic balance" between the source and target poems in this type of translation and how it is realized. The study method is descriptive analysis. In the analytical part, first, the semantic structure of the poem is analyzed based on the theory of Order (Nazm) by Abdul Qahir Jurjani, and it is determined that the semantic structure of the poem is a product of the way the poem signifies its purpose, which is expressed in a special order of speech. Then, in the descriptive part, by referring to samples of the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian, the semantic relationship between the samples is described, and it is specified that the semantic balance between the source and target poems is a similarity of expression that flows at the level of the way of indicating the purpose, and the semantic balance at this level is realized through simulating the function of linguistic elements in the way of presenting meaning. Therefore, the target poem is a semantic construct in the target language, whose linguistic elements are used in its production in such a way that they have a similar function to the linguistic elements of the source poem in the way of signifying the purpose.

During different decades, language and translation have a wide and mutual relationship, and translation has achieved many advances by using the science of linguistics and considering linguistic contexts in establishing dynamic and concrete communication with the audience. Christian Nord (1977), a theoretician in the field of translation studies, has improved the communication between the speaker and the listener or the writer and the reader by presenting the elements of her specific language function model. Based on the analytical-descriptive method, the present study aims to investigate Reza Ameri’s and Ataullah Mohajerani's translations of Season of Migration to the North based on Christian Nord's model in order to achieve the level of reflection of the linguistic functions of Nord's model and their impact in the translations and determine the quality level of translators’ performance. The result of the research shows that Reza Ameri’s translation has been most reflected in terms of referential and expressive functions, and also his performance has been more acceptable compared to Ataullah Mohajerani in the translation of the novel "Season of Migration to the North".

In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation compared to recent years. So, a difference of about 30% can be seen between the mentioned year and the previous year. Although the number of translated works has not been impressive so far, it is a good step towards strengthening the materials and resources for the researches of the country's academic system. The main question that was addressed was how to start the translation process in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in order to use the works and researches of other nations. So, it can be seen that the restoration process in the year (2019) was unprecedented in Afghanistan's higher education institutions compared to the 90s.

Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation poetics in the concept that is considered in this discussion, according to Meschonnic, is a kind of theory of text translation. Poetics deals with linguistic structure issues just as painting deals with image structures; because linguistics is the general knowledge of language structures. The poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation consists of concepts such as transparency and centripetalism, empirical application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relationships. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, the Persian translation of Ruhollah Rahimi's novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" with the title "Behesht-e Maman Ghaizah" is reviewed based on the poetics approach of artistic translation by Meschonnic. The result of the research shows that the translator has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, in the field of inter-poetics relations. The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of the Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.

Beyond its literary and artistic values, Hafez's poetry is known as a mirror of Iranian culture and worldview. Therefore, familiarity with it by people of other languages and cultures will open a window to the perception of Iranian art and culture. From this point of view, the quality of the translation of Hafez's poems into other languages becomes especially important. So far, at least nine selected or complete translations of Hafez's poems have been published in Arabic, which shows the appreciation of Arabic speakers for Hafez's poetry and thought. One of the most recent translations is the translation of Ali Abbas Zulaikha. because every metonymy expression, in addition to lexical meanings, also contains cultural, historical, and ethnic attachments, translating metonymies into another language that is current in a different context is one of the difficulties of translation is considered. In this research, which was carried out with the method of content analysis and in a descriptive-analytical way, 10 sonnets of Hafez containing 29 metonymies were randomly selected and analyzed using Kendall and Smith's table of numbers. The results of the research showed that in 8 cases, the meaning of the phrase was translated acceptably, and in 21 other cases, the Arabic translation faced serious problems. It is worth noting that 5 out of 21 cases of wrong translation were caused by misreading the Persian text.

In this research, an attempt has been made to criticize and analyze the Arabic translations of Khayyam's quatrains. Therefore, at the beginning, the history of the quatrains, Khayyam's quatrains, the translations done in the West, and how they entered the Arab world have been discussed. Next, Arab translators’ methods have been criticized and analyzed under titles such as ideology, source and target language discourse, translation formats, and translation from the intermediate language by bringing evidence. In the topic of ideology, the influence of the ideology of the translator and the target language, and in the context of discourse, the evolution and transformation of the text and the potential of the translator's success have been discussed. The translator's adherence to the main quatrain format or non-adherence to it, as well as its results in the translation process, in addition to the use of the intermediary language and its positive and negative and sometimes destructive effects in the translation, like other cases, have a special place in this study. In the present research, in addition to what has been said, the personal choices and methods of translators and their influence in clarifying, stylization, changing and deleting, the transfer of the received meaning from the source language which is affected by misunderstanding or intermediate language or cultural differences, have been critically analyzed.

"Other" is the basis of knowing "Self" and the introduction of self-knowledge. The way to self-knowledge is communication with others. The deforming tendencies of the French theorist Antoine Berman are based on respect for the "other" and avoidance of domestication in translation. He believes that the source text should be accepted and transferred as it is, and one should not seek to simulate it with one's own culture. The focus of Berman's cognitive translation point of view is respect for the foreign text, acceptance of the other, and recognition of his culture. Berman's theory, in which he believes that the structure of the source text should not be changed and equivalents should not be found according to structural and grammatical aspects, is the result of the extreme formation of the target-oriented movement in translation in his era. In order to criticize the issue of accepting Other based on the tendency of rationalization, we have examined Majedeh Al-Anani’s translation of the story Nūn wa al-Qalam by Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad, and during the discussion and examination of the examples, we came to the conclusion that the translator in the translation of cultural terms tried to show her faithfulness to the original text, but in some cases, she was not successful and she was only able to replace the word without paying attention to its semantic load and rhetoric.

Critical discourse analysis gave the translators the permission to violate the principle of trustworthiness, and in the translation of texts that contain ideology, to recreate and make their language choices in line with the culture and ideology of the target text. On the other hand, the speed and intensity of the impact of media discourse has made the media the center of attention of politicians and those in power, and a tool for the dissemination of political discourses. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the application of the strategies presented in the critical discourse analysis approach in the process of translating political texts using a descriptive-analytical method and using the Vandyke model. The research data has been selected from the two news networks Al-Arabiya and Al-Sharq in the period of 2019 to 2022, focusing on the Yemen war. And the findings of the research indicate that these two news networks use the strategies of minimization, disclosure, delegitimization, legitimization, prejudice, empathy, generalization and magnification from the axis of syntax, and the strategies of initiation, marginalization and word order from the axis of syntax, the strategy of playing with numbers from the axis of rhetoric, the strategy of choosing words aligned from the axis of style, two strategies of anti-realistic forms and truth from the axis of reasoning and the strategy of changing behavioral actions from the axis of action, trying to present a negative representation of The actions of the Houthis are a positive representation of the actions of Saudi Arabia. And in the process of translation, the translator must reverse these representations in line with the politics of her country by using similar and sometimes opposite strategies to the strategies in the source tex.

In post-coronavirus societies and the return of enthusiasm and motivation of people to exchange cultures and travel, the need for translation is felt more than ever. In the meantime, different branches of the tourism industry have been associated with interpretation. The purpose of this research is to find the most suitable solutions in the translation of proper names of tourism, know the most used strategy from the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory (2007) in this documentary, and learn about its challenges. The research method is descriptive-analytical, in which 200 proper names were extracted from the tourism-historical documentary "Ma’alam Men Khuzestan" (Khuzestan at a Glance in Farsi) which was broadcast on Al-Kawthar International Channel, and after comparing the samples in the two Persian and Arabic versions of the documentary, it has been criticized and analyzed based on Van Coillie's theory. The research results indicate that the strategy of not translating, reproducing and copying has been used more than others. In the field of tourism, the strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying is considered the most appropriate translation strategies, because introducing the unique attractions of a region is one of the goals of the translator in this type of text, which must be preserved and distinguished by mentioning its original name. Other strategies are reproduction along with phonetic or morphological adaptation to the target language, deletion, non-translation along with additional explanation, and replacement with an equivalent in the target language, respectively.

Jean-René Ladmiral, a French theoretician, proposed components for the translation of words that are helpful for the translator in the process of conveying meaning and creating a balance between the words of the target text or the source text. In this article, the performance of the translator in the Arabic translation of the words of the book Imamat va Rahbari and the quality of the translation have been evaluated based on Ladmiral's model and with descriptive-analytical and statistical methods. The findings of the research show that the translator tries to convey the meaning of the words through matters such as the selection of the translator, disambiguation, minimal interpretation, and addition, and provides a comprehensible and readable translation. In many cases, words have been borrowed. Sometimes, due to the inappropriate deletion of words and inappropriate selection of equivalents, the translator has not been able to recreate the content of the message for the audience, and therefore requires revision and re-editing.