نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 31، پاییز 1399)

Nowadays, the advent of nanotechnology and the synthesis of nanoparticles have brought many developments to humans, but this technology must be considered in terms of safety. Meanwhile, the synthesis of green nanoparticles has expanded due to more compatibility with the environment and that they are low costs and non- toxic, because the plants have a very good ability for reducing the metal ions and synthesizing nanoparticles. In recent research, the optimum conditions for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. and its antioxidant effect were investigated. In this research, first aerial parts of plant were collected plains south of Khorramabad before the flowering stage in May and dried in shaid. After preparing the aqueous extract of plant by soaking, effective parameters of nanoparticles synthesis such as pH, AgNO3 concentration, extract concentration, temperature and time were evaluated. Optimal conditions of silver nanoparticles synthesis by plant are include pH=11, AgNO3 concentration= 8 mM, extract value= 4 cc, temperature= 40̊C and time= 120 minute. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the techniques of UV-Vis, X ray diffraction and FT - IR. The study of the morphology of the resulting nanoparticles showed a spherical shape with a particle size of 16-29 nm. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of aqueous extract and synthesizing nanoparticle by conventional DPPH method were carried out. Maximum value of free radical inhibition at 12.5 μl/ml concentration of extract and nanoparticle compared to ascorbic acid was reported. Finally, it can be concluded that the presence of various chemical compounds that have caused the antioxidant activity of the extract expresses the extract and the resulting nanoparticles as a source of natural antioxidants.

Prangos ferulacea Lindl. is a persistent, tall and aromatic plant belonging to the family Apiacea. The aerial parts of the plant were collected in three flowering sites of Harena, Derouzenab and Samsane at mid-June, 2015 (2450, 2200 and 2150 m above sea level, respectively), and after drying the plant in the shade of the essential oil, it was distilled with water. The essential oil components were analyzed using GC and GC/MS. ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to compare soil properties of habitats and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the essential oil, and evaluate the relationship between soil characteristics and the essential oil obtained respectively. The results showed that the average essential oil yields from the three sites of Harena, Derouzenab and Samsane were 0.2, 0.2 and 0.3%, respectively. Comparison of the active ingredients showed that the six chemical compounds α-pinene (59.77%), cryophyllene oxide (49.14%), trans-cryophyllene (31.65%), α-Fenchyl (26.66%), α -Humulene (5.65%) and α -Copaene (5.09%) were the most dominant and common compounds in all three habitats. The Pearson correlation between the soil data and the chemical and index components showed that there was a significant correlation between most of the indices and adaphic factors.

This article deals with evaluate the purity and detection of peppermint essential oil compositions using different spectrometry and refraction spectrometry methods and to compare them with chromatography. The conventional method for identifying and analyzing essential oils is a costly gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometer. For this purpose, peppermint essential oil extract was first extracted and its main constituents were identified by chromatogram, menthol and menthon. Then using fast and low cost Raman spectroscopy method with three different spectrometers, two compounds of menthon and menthol were determined. Refractometry and FTIR spectroscopy were used to evaluate the purity of peppermint essential oil. Concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 90 peppermint essential oils were manually made by cyclohexane solvent. These different concentrations and sample were tested by Refractometry and FTIR spectroscopy. As the results show, infrared spectroscopy is not capable of quantitatively identifying the essence of pure peppermint and its diluted concentrations and is only capable of qualitatively identifying different molecules, but can be clearly distinguishable by the use of refractive index analysis of different concentrations and pure samples. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy and refractive analysis is a fast and inexpensive method capable of identifying the major constituents and determining the purity of the essential oils.

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield and phytochemical properties of Bakhtiari savory under the influence of enriched wheat straw and plant different densities. The experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete block design in 1396 and 1397 in dry farming condition and at Hamand Rangeland Research Station. The main factor included, 10 tons of wheat straw per hectare (enriched with ammonium sulfate) and the control and sub-factor included, density 26666 and 40,000 and 80,000 plants per hectare. The measured traits included fresh and dry weight yield, percentage and essential oil yield and identification of essential oil compounds, which was performed from the plant shoots at full flowering stage. The essential oil was extracted by water distillation. Also, GC and GC/MS analysis methods were used to determine the percentage and type of essential oil compounds. The highest yield of essential oil with 3.7 kg. ha-1 was obtained with enriched straw treatment and high plant density and in second year. The highest percentage of essential oil compounds, the carvacrol with 61.85% was obtained in treatment of enriched straw, high density and in second year. The highest percentage of thymol with 12.51% was obtained in treatment of enriched straw and medium density in second year. The results of this study showed that the Bakhtiari savory by using enriched straw and high and medium densities from second year could increase the major compounds percentage of essential oil, including carvacrol and thymol, γ-terpinene and linalool.

In this project, in order to evaluate and compare the most important phenolic compounds in extract of different artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) organs under water stress and planting density, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarabelle-Ilam Agricultural Research Station during 2014-2015. The treatments comprised four irrigation regime (25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the water requirement of the plant) in the main plots and four densities(10, 20, 30 and 40 thousand bushes in hectare with 0.5, 0.67, 1 and 2m interval within the row, respectively, and 0.5m between rows) in sub plots. herbal sampels were harvested in the second year, and after drying in room temperature were used for methalonic extract. Identification and amount of naringin, caffeic and chlorogenic acid was done with HPLC methode. According to the obtained results, increasing drought stress caused 78 and 11% reduction in naringin amount compared to control treatment of bud and leaf extract, respectively. The maximum amount of caffeic acid (0.74 mg/g dry matter) was observed in leaf extract and interaction effect of full irrigation and 10 thousand bushes in hectare. Drought improved caffeic and chlorogenic acid biosynthesis of bud, but in interaction effect with density, only chlorogenic acid had the highest amount in sever water stress and 10 thousand bushes in hectare .Among consumed organs extract, caffeic acid and naringin had the highest amount in leaf extract, and chlorogenic acid in bud extract

The present research was done in Chaharbagh rangelands of Golestan province due to phytochemical investigation of the most important anti diabetic native medicinal plants. Nine medicinal plants used by local people for diabetes treatment were consisting of Nepeta pungens L., Hypericum perforatum, Juniperus communis L., Artemisia annua L., Tanacetum parthenium, Urtica dioica L., Cichorium intybus L., Cuscuta reflexa L. and Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. After sampling plant parts containing Pharmaceutical ingredients consisting of aerial parts or root parts, they were cleaned and dried in the shade. Extraction of methanol was done. The amount of total phenol and flavonoids were measured with Spectrophotometry method and the level of antioxidant activity was measured with DPPH method. DCA ordination was done in order to studying relation between anti-diabetic medicinal plants and their quantity of effective ingredients. Results from phytochemical experiments showed that flowering part Hypericum perforatum, roots of Nepeta pungens L. and roots of Tanacetum parthenium with the amounts of 259.64, 231.246 and 223.47 mg GAE/g in plant dry matter had the most amount of total phenol. Artemisia annua L. leaves, flowering part of Nepeta pungens L. and roots of Urtica dioica L. with the amounts of 253.37, 237.89 and 216.43 mg QUE/g had the most flavonoids. The best antioxidant activity of the extracts with greatest DPPH inhibitory power was belonging to fruits of Juniperus communis L. aerial parts of Cuscuta reflexa L. and flowering parts of Perovskia‎ abrotanoides Karel. with amounts of 93.93, 81.58 and 72.24. The ordination analysis had the same results.

Oliveria decumbens Vent is a medicinal plant belongs to the Umbelliferae family. According to the Iran traditional medicine comments this plant is used for the treat of indigestion, diarrhea, relieve fever and infectious diseases. In this research, effects of climate factors, soil and the elevation above sea level were tested on the chemical compounds of O. decumbens. To this, the flowering branches of O. decumbens were taken from 1600-2200 a.s.l. in the Mamassani County in May and air dried. The Clevenger apparatus extraction was used to extract the essence. The chemical compounds were identified using GC and GC/MS and the effect of studied parameters on chemical components were determined. Our result indicated that, there are 13, 16 and 11 chemical compounds in Doshman Ziari, Bavan and Koupen sites, respectively. p-cymene γ-terpinene، thymol and myristicin identified as the main compounds of studied sites. There was significant correlation between the annual precipitation and e elevation above sea level with the essence percentage and chemical compounds of O. decumbens . Furthermore, soil electrical conductivity, acidity and nitrogen had positive significant correlation (p < 0.05) with the percentage of essential oil.