نشریه مطالعات جنسیت و خانواده
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 14، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Recently, demonstrating intolerance against hijab and challenging veiled women have turned out as one of the intercultural challenges emerging between European governments and Muslims inhabiting in the West. Mostly reflected in the Islamophobia project, this not-so-superficial challenge, not only blocked religious coexistence, but also undermined the slogan of tolerance in the West. Europe's attitude towards the issue of hijab in the Islamic world as well as Iran is simply represented and analyzed based on western anti-religion outlook or a particular sexual policy that is inherent in the modern West. However, recognizing and dealing with this issue especially by intellectual elites and cultural activists, demands a more precise formulation. This analytical study, based on primary sources and original researches, by looking at challenges related to the law, media and the concept of cultural citizenship in the “European cultural system” aims to reinvestigate the confrontation against hijab as a serious obstacle to this coexistence and cultural diversity. It also tries to focus on reforming the existing image as well as offering a different representation of the meaning of Muslim women’s hijab for European citizens and policymakers. Hence, through the formation of this likely understanding a path will be paved out for the reformation as well as the restoration of the intercultural interaction of Islam, European Muslim citizens, and cultural policy in Europe.

In modern times, motherhood, once regarded as the main source of identity for women, has been moved away from its former status; hence, theorists focused on this issue as a dilemma. Likewise, affected by the influence of the developments of the modern world, motherhood in Iranian society underwent some changes, turning it as a subject that needs to be studied. The first step for explaining motherhood is to know about the status of motherhood in the outlook of women. This study aimed to classify women in relation to motherhood by applying content analysis method with a sample including 51 women aged from 15 to 70 years in Tehran. The data collection was carried out based on semi-structured in-depth interview. The findings of the interview were coded in three stages and their existing themes were designed. Based on the semantic factor known as the focal theme, three main types are identified regarding the issue of motherhood:  selector, hesitant, and elusive. Selector type women were divided into two groups based on their motivation: traditionalists and epistemologists; whereas women who were hesitant about motherhood were divided into two groups of materialists and epistemologists. The foresaid types indicated a change in motherhood position, implying that with the dominance of the selection factor and awareness of the institutional pressure to be in the motherhood position has decreased. However, the value of motherhood and the inner tendencies of women lead them to accept this position.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between five major personality traits and stress coping strategies with symptoms of sexual identity disorder. The descriptive-correlation method was applied in this study. The statistical population included all those patients referring to the psychiatric hospital in Urmia; hence, 177 individuals were selected by available sampling method. Sexual identity disorder checklist, Neo personality scale and coping styles questionnaire were applied for collecting data. The results revealed that 3.39% of the foresaid samples have symptoms of sexual identity disorder. Additionally, there exists a negative relation among extraversion, empiricism, agreement, and coping strategy with symptoms of sexual identity disorder. Whereas among neuroticism and avoidance strategy there is a positive relation. Moreover, personality traits and coping strategies jointly explain 45.2% of the variance associated with symptoms of sexual identity disorder. The results of this study indicated that in clinical examination of individuals suffering from sexual identity disorder, it is possible to take measures to moderate their symptoms not only by paying attention to their personality dimensions, but also by educating and informing them in line with adaptive and rational coping strategies.

The titles of religious legal intimacy in relative relationships includes "mother, daughter, sister, aunt, niece and nephew". These titles also involve dictum to illegality due to breastfeeding. There are some other titles that do not exist in any of the foresaid seven titles, however they are considered as their accessories. For instance, if a grandmother breastfeeds her granddaughter, the granddaughter becomes a foster sister with her own mother. Therefore, it seems that the father of that infant is in a marital relationship with his child's sister. Regarding this case, the "sister of the child" is accompanied by the title "Bent"; meaning that the husband is in a marital relationship with his own daughter. Prominent antecedent jurisprudential figures and some of the later ones believe that not only illegality is proved in the mentioned seven titles, but also this sanctity is extended to the accessories of these titles. Subsequently, titles such as child’s sister are also regarded as illegal and marriage with them is forbidden. According to the findings of this article, which was based on a descriptive-analytical method, the illegality attributed through breastfeeding is limited to the foresaid seven titles and the illigality does not extend to the accompanying titles. As a result, it is not necessary for the infant's parents to divorce due to grandmother’s breastfeeding.

Gender and emotion are social constructs that are connected to each other in the structures of social context which play a prominent role in creating the possibilities of life. This study aims to explain the feeling of felicity by investigating its relationship with femininity and masculinity. In order to achieve this goal, an appropriate theoretical framework was prepared and hypotheses were designed that were examined based on applying the survey method. The sample included two hundred individuals among Zanjan citizens. The sampling method was also based on multi-stage cluster method. The results indicated that 50% of Zanjan citizens feel high level of felicity and this feeling is relatively equal among men and women. There is a significant meaningful relation among the influential variables affecting felicity, life satisfaction, job satisfaction and gender satisfaction on the one hand, and comparison with others and comparison with one's own past on the other hand. There is also a significant relationship between types of femininity (emphatic and compatible) and types of masculinity (hegemonic and inferior) among which there is a significant relationship between inferior masculinity. The results of path analysis also indicated that family life satisfaction, comparison with their own past, resilient femininity, comparison with others and hegemonic masculinity explain the most frequent variance of feeling felicity.

In the West, theorists working on sex issues seek to redefine human nature and truth in the light of sexual instinct; however a sexual theory that aims to be presented based on the Islamic outlook, primarily must be able not only to redefine man on the light of human nature, but also to indicate that the sexual instinct in man finds distinct meaning and functions in the light of human nature. In this article, with reference to some requirements of the theory of human nature in relation to the important dualities of Western humanism, some of the practical capacities of the theory of nature regarding understanding and explaining sexuality in man are revealed to pave the way for a "sexual theory" based on Islamic teachings. According to the theory of essence, it can be indicated that although gender differences occur under the influence of the environment; they are not entirely constructive, and many of them are derived from the context of reality. Moreover, according to this point of view, the use of sexuality is not only applicable in the direction of human transcendence; but also the enormous variety of deviant sexual conditions in individuals can be explained. Accordingly, "modesty" as a significant distinctive element differentiating humans from animals in the domain of sexual issues, is central to the analysis of many behaviors. Therefore, family laws are organized not in the light of the concept of justice (demarcation between individuals), but in the shadow of the concept of cordiality and mercy.