نشریه مطالعات نقد زبانی و ادبی
پیاپی 14 (پاییز 1399)

Language is a system. Each linguistic system has some specific elements which show their differences or diversities. In addition to language universals, each language has its own rules. The main goal of this article is to study the phonological processes of Kohne Oghaz Turkish in Iran. This is the language of one of the villages of Shirvan in North Khorasan whose speakers speak Kurdish and Turkish. The data have been collected through an interview with ten Kohne Oghazi native speakers, five men and the others were women. They were between 40-60 years old. Because I didn’t find any written source of this type of Turkish, I just collected information from its native speakers. Data have been transcribed based on the International Phonetic Alphabet introduced by Catford (1988) and analyzed using descriptive method. This research has been written based on generative phonology. The results indicate that phonological processes that have been used in this Turkish type in comparison with Persian language include assimilation, fortition, insertion, haplology, vowel harmony.

The Sorkhi Tribe is one of the tribes of Lor in Fars province. The six tribes of Sorkhi consider themselves Lors, and their culture and dialect have the smack of Lors, which is mixed with the elements of the native Dashti and Dashtestani culture. In the present article, the author has studied and analyzed the phonological processes of the Koohmareh Sorkhi dialect. The materials have been collected from the library and the method of this research was descriptive-analytic. The results of this study show that the main phonological processes in the Koohmareh Sorkhi dialect are a type of lenition. In this process, spirantization, approximantation, nasalization, voicing, deletion can be observed. Assimilation is another common process in this dialect. In this process, among the consonants, conversion of the sequence / st / to [ss] or / nb / to [mb], and among the vowels, the assimilation of / â / with / a /, the assimilation of / e / with / i / and / u / with / o / are more commonly used. Neutral phonological neutralization, terminal devoicing, hardening, reduction, insertion and epenthesis, displacement, and compensatory lengthening are other common phonological processes in the Red Koohmareh dialect.

The media, including the press, are influential elements in the political and cultural relations of societies and play an important role in the transmission and teaching of language. The purpose of this study is to investigate the word formation processes in the political press based on the view of Booj (2007). The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and the data collected through library method. From different genres in the press, political genre has been selected and then from the newspapers in the 80's, three widely circulated newspapers Kayhan, Abrar and Hamshahri, 650 words have been extracted and examined. According to Booj (2007), word-making processes are divided into two groups: word formation and word creation processes. The most important word formation processes include compounding and derivation. Clipping, acronym, and blending also fall into the category of word formation processes. Due to the large number of loanwords in the political texts, the phenomenon of borrowing is also discussed. In this study, based on the gathered data, it has been observed that in addition to the above processes, the post-syntactic word formation process as well as the compoundingderivation ones also play a role in word creation. The results of this study show that the processes of compounding, derivation, compounding- derivation, postsyntactic word formation are the most frequent processes. The less frequent ones are clipping, acronym and blending involved in making new words in the political press. Studies and statistical evidence indicate that there is a significant difference between the distribution of frequency percentage of word formation processes with the highest frequency and word creation processes with the lowest frequency percentage.

In the process of learning a second language, an error is a common and predictable phenomenon. Linguistic interferences are a group of errors that resulted from transferring of the mother tongue into the target language. The present study, which has been conducted in the framework of "error analysis" based on Brown's classification of errors (2007), aims to determine the syntactic errors due to the interference of Kalhori Kurdish into Persian by Kurdish native speakers. For this purpose, among the speech errors, the syntactic errors that interfered from the first language into the second one have been examined. The method used in this research is quantitative - qualitative. The statistical sample includes 2 bilingual girls and boys living in Kermanshah who were selected by voluntary sampling method. The results showed that the errors on the base of their frequency percentage are as follows: Error of incorrect use of compound verb components, error of prepositions, error of word orders in sentences, error of the letter /ra/, error of use of inappropriate verb, error of use of redundant /y/, error of conjunctions and error of use of inappropriate pronoun. Relying on the results of the present study, educational solutions can be provided for teachers, curriculum planners, test designers and language learners in order to reduce Persian language learning problems in Kurdish-speaking areas.

Typology is a systematic approach to study language diversity. In addition, crosslinguistic comparison is the main concern of this area. It is essential to determine the same grammatical categories cross-linguistically. This article attemptes to investigate possessive strategies based on Croft theory in a novel called “kite runners’’ both in English and Persian texts. Approximately, 150 expressions were extracted randomly. The current study, described and analyzed possessive constructions in both English and Persian texts based on the cross-linguistic comparison. Some strategies express the relationship between possessor and possessum by an additional morpheme. Regarding the features of dominant strategy, linker has been determined as the dominant strategy in Persian and the possessum precedes the possessor. On the other hand, the dominant strategy in English is suppletion and the possessor precedes the possessum.

The aim of this paper is to discover and extract the Evolutionary Algorithms in a Fortune-telling document attributed to Shaikh Bahaʼ i. This document has been accounted as a model of formal languages in which there is a precise relationship between the sign language systems and mathematics. This systematic relationship increases its formal complexity and changes it into an unknown knowledge of the unseen world. On the other hand, it lets you achieve the final responses quickly and easily. The letters used in the fortune- telling tables are the letters of Persian, not Abjad ones. By studying the tables and extracting the mathematical relations between the letters and the numbers, its mechanisms and the way of gaining the answers have been discovered. They are compatible with the Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) model. This document has a hierarchical system of a group of answers. These groups have both mutual top-down and bottom-up relations. The number of members of each group or the whole groups are based on the accurate mathematical ratios. The optimal answer of its algorithm consists of some specific properties in the tables. To find the optimal answer, some operators of geographical length and width as well as the dozen-accounting operator are functioning on the table of letters; therefore, each 18-letter verse has been written the final answer. Some evaluating operators are functioning to produce the last answer. These evaluating letter operators are the Linear order, Rhyming word position and the letter or verse Replacement.

Mehdi Akhavan-Sales (1307-1369) is one of the peaks of contemporary poetry. His poems can be studied hermeneutically due to their hidden layers and the existing experience in which are salient. The purpose of this research is to reproduce the mental world of the Akhavan by examining his poems. The research is a kind of basic theoretical research, with a qualitative-analytic method, based on Dilthey's hermeneutical theory. The initial data have been analyzed using the content analysis technique, library and digital resources. One of the principles of Dilthey's hermeneutics in the interpretation of texts is the study of the history and era of the author. This is possible through synchronicity and empathy with Akhavan and the study of his poems during history. After data analysis, at the end of the research, Akhavan’s personality and emotions, which are reflected in his poetry, have been reconstructed by understanding the text and in the context in which the poet lived. The reproduction of his intellectual realm has been achieved through an empathetic relationship or the historical coincidence with him, perception of the condition under which the work has been created.